Intro to Respiratory

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Gas exchange
2. Vocalization
3. Olfaction
4. Temperature control (cooling of blood through evaporation of water in the URT)
5. Acid- base regulation (regulation of blood pH)

Question 2

What is respiration necessary for regarding metabolism?

Answer 2

Oxidative metabolism. e.g. glucose metabolism:

C6H12O6+6O2–> 6CO2+6H2O+ ATP

Question 3

What is the nasopharynx associated with?

Answer 3

Auditory tubes

Question 4

What does dolichocephalic mean and what species is an example?

Answer 4

Long snout- greyhound

Question 5

What does mesaticephalic mean and what species is an example?

Answer 5

Medium length snout- beagle

Question 6

Who has a nasal plate?

Answer 6

Carnivores and small ruminants (sheep and goats)

Question 7

Who has a nasolabial plate?

Answer 7

Ox (underlying glands to keep nasal plate moist)

Question 8

Who has a rostral plate?

Answer 8

Pig- contains rostral bone

Question 9

How do dogs keep their noses moist?

Answer 9

overflow from nasal cavity

Question 10

What is the mucocutaneous junction? Where it is?

Answer 10

Within vestibule- site of opening of lateral nasal gland ducts (and nasolacrimal duct in horse)

Question 11

What separates the nasal from the oral cavity?

Answer 11

Hard palate

Question 12

What is the caudal limit of the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

Ethmoid bone

Question 13

What divides up the nasal cavity (not referring to the nasal septum)?

Answer 13

Conchae (turbinate bones)- divided into small passages.

Delicate scrolls of bone, covered in mucosa, projecting into nasal cavity from dorsal and lateral walls.

Question 14

How does the nasal cavity communicate with the nasopharynx? What is its purpose?

Answer 14

Choana. Air passes from nasal cavity into nasopharynx.

Question 15

What is the rostral part of the nasal septum called?

Answer 15

Septal cartilage

Question 16

What moves the nasal cartilage?

Answer 16

Levator nasolabialis and caninus (facial nerve- CNVII)

Question 17

What are the three conchae?

Answer 17

1. Dorsal- single elongated scroll
2. Ventral- rostral part of nasal cavity (double scroll in most species; horse- single scroll; dog- complex, filling ventral part of nasal cavity)
3. Ethmoidal (=ethmoturbinates)- numerous fine bony scrolls attached to ethmoid bone and lateral and dorsal walls (support olfactory mucosa)

Question 18

What do the nasal chonchae do?

Answer 18

Increase surface area for heat exchange, filtration, and humidification of air by nasal mucosa and for olfaction (ethmoidal concha)

Divide cavity into dorsal, middle, ventral, and common nasal meatuses

Question 19

What is the lateral nasal gland? Who has it?

Answer 19

Carnivores. Large serous gland between mucosa and maxillary bone in lateral wall. Duct opens in lateral wall of nasal vestibule. Secretions important in wetting external nose.

Question 20

What is the purpose of the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 20

Duct which drains tears from eye to rostral part of nasal cavity. Proximal opening at medial canthus of eye. Distal opening in nasal vestibule. (at mucocutaneous junction in horse & just ventral to alar fold in dog)

Question 21

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 21

Diverticula (outpocketings) of nasal cavity into skull bones, increase in size with age, lined with normal secretory nasal epithelium, frontal and maxillary present in all species.

Functions: lighten skull and bony development for muscle attachment, probably thermal and mechanical protection of soft tissues of head, resonance of voice

Question 22

Frontal sinuses

Answer 22

drain into ethmoid region (except in horse)

Extend into cornual process (base of horn) in ruminants

Question 23

Maxillary sinuses

Answer 23

Communicate with nasal cavity through narrow nasomaxillary opening except in dog and cat- wide opening maxillary recess
house roots of upper cheek teeth
In some species further diverticula into adjacent bones (e.g. palatine sinus)

Question 24

Where does the frontal sinus drain in a horse?

Answer 24

Caudal maxillary sinus

Question 25

What are the two divisions of the maxillary sinus in a horse?

Answer 25

Rostral and Caudal

Question 26

Where do all sinuses drain?

Answer 26

Into nasal cavity through narrow common nasomaxillary opening

Question 27

What is a cere?

Answer 27

Soft, keratinized tissue atbase of upper beak in some birds (e.g. psittacines, pigeons)
Can be used to sex budgerigars (blue in male, brown in female)

Question 28

What is unique about the nasal gland in marine birds?

Answer 28

Secretes sodium. (they all are located in lateral wall of nasal cavity)

Question 29

Does a bird have a soft palate?

Answer 29

no.

Question 30

Does a bird have a nasopharynx?

Answer 30

no.

Question 31

What is the infraorbital sinus in a bird?

Answer 31

Diverticulum enclosed by caudal concha, as in mammals inflamm can cause problems

Question 32

What is unique about medial choana in a bird?

Answer 32

Elongated. Closes during swallowing.