Intro to research methods Flashcards
Define Empirical Evidence
information gathered from experience, observation, experimentation
Define Objective Evidence
Information gathered is free from bias
What is the Hypothetico-Deductive method?
The standard research method of empirical science in whichhypothesesare formulated and tested by deducing predictions from them and then testing the predictions through controlledexperiments, hypotheses that are falsified being rejected and replaced by new ones.
What is Methodological Triangulation?
Convergence of the findings of methodologically varying studies can lead credence to this theory pattern. (Multiple methods of research point to the same answer/conclusion)
What is Methodological triangulation?
use of multiple methods.
Define Preregistration.
How does it reduce false positive results?
Making research questions and planned analyses clear prior to data collection.
Promotes confirmatory research and reduces the risk of false positive results, as it confines you to the initial idea you registered.
Define Inductive Reasoning.
make sense of our world by making inferences from past experiences. The issue with this approach is that we cant be sure this will hold true forever.
Define Extrasensory Perception.
experiences in the future can influence our experience in the present. NOT SCIENTIFIC
What is Bayesianism?
beliefs come true in degrees, and we can express the likelihood of future events on the basis of past knowledge. We can add to this numerical data and to improve our predictions.
Define Karl Popper’s Theory of Falsifiability.
For a theory to be scientific, it has to be falsifiable.
Science starts with theories which are subject to scrutiny. If the evidence contradicts our theory, we formulate an alternative. If the evidence supports our theory, we regard it as undefeated theory. A theory is not proven unless we have truly observed all possible instances and their outcomes, instead it is ‘undefeated’.
