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Research I > Intro to Research Design > Flashcards

Intro to Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

Primary vs Secondary Source

A

Primary source - document provided directly by the author

Secondary source - Reviews, textbooks, etc

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

Condition that will change a given outcome

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

Outcome variable dependent on the independent variable

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4
Q

Operational definitions

A

Definition of variable according to unique meaning within the study (normallly dependent variable)

Ex) Pain intensity, variability in stride velocity

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5
Q

Research objectives

A
  • to evaluate measuing instrument
  • to descrive population or clinical phenomena
  • to explore relationships
  • to compare between groups or conditions
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6
Q

Research hypothesis

A
  • statement that predicts relationship between IV and DV
  • statement of researcher’s expectations
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7
Q

Null hypothesis

A
  • Statistical hypothesis
  • States that “no difference” occurs between variables
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8
Q

Sampling bias

A

When sample over or under-estimates the characteristics being investigated

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9
Q

How to reduce sampling bias

A
  • Random Sampling
  • Well defined inclusion/exclusion criteria
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10
Q

Three characteristics of experiments

A
  1. Manipulation of variables
  2. Random assignment
  3. Control group
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11
Q

Intention to treat analysis

A

Statistical analysis used when handling incomplete data. It minimizes bias assicated with missing data.

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12
Q

How to exert control without it being a true experiment

A
  1. Homogeneous subjects
  2. Blocking
  3. Matching
  4. Repeated measures
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13
Q

Homogeneous Subjects

A

Subjects identical on a potentially confounding variable

Disadvantage - results only generalized to specific types of people

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14
Q

Blocking

A

Build extraneous variables into study design by using them as IV

Ex) Age blocked by decade

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15
Q

Matching

A

Match subjects based on specific characteristics

Ex) For every female gymnist, I will get one male gymnist

*Matching is during selection, blocking is after*

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16
Q

Repeated Measures

A
  • All levels of the IV are experienced by all subjects
  • Subjects are matched to themselves
  • Efficient method for controlling potential inter-subject differences
17
Q

Threats to validity heirarchy

A
  1. Statistical conclusion validity
  2. Internal validity
  3. Construct validity
  4. External validity
18
Q

Statistical Conclustion Validity

A

If the statistics are incorrect, then the whole study is considered invalid

19
Q

Internal Validity

A

Are changes in the DV due to factors other than manipulation of the IV?

  • History - events between tests?
  • Maturation - subject changes between tests
  • Attrition - subject drop out
  • Testing effects - the act of testing may change person’s response
  • Order effects
  • Instrumentation
20
Q

Construct Validity

A

The operation (measurable) represents a construct (not-measurable).

How well is a variable “operationally defined”

21
Q

External Validity

A

Can results be generalized to people/setting/times different from those used in the study?

22
Q

Single Factor Experimental Design

A

Pretest-posttest control group

  • Random
  • Observation - Intervention - Observation
  • Observation - control - Observation

Posttest only

  • Random
  • Intervention - Observation
  • Not practical to give pretest (education)
23
Q

Multi-factor Experimental Design

A

Factorial

  • Two or more IVs
  • AxB factorial design – 2 IVs, “A” levels in IV1, “B” levels in IV2
  • Ex) “A” walking speeds, “B” environments
24
Q

Repeated Measures

A

1-way

  • Time as IV = Observation - Intervention - Observation - Observation - Observation…
  • Treatment as IV = Intervention - Observation; Intervention2 - Observation; Intervention3 - Observation…

Mixed

  • Two or more IVs
  • One variable is repeated across subjects
  • One variable has independent groups
25
Q

Quasi-Experimental Designs

A
  • 1-Group Pretest-Posttest – no control, no correlation
  • Nonequivalent Pretest-Posttest – no randomization
  • Nonequivalent Posttest only
26
Q

Exploratory Research

A

Systematic investigation of relationships among 2+ variables

27
Q

Observational research

A
  • Naturally existing data
  • No manipulation of variables
28
Q

Retrospective vs Prospective

A

Retrospective

  • Examination of data collected in the past
  • Some questions can only be answered retrospectively
  • Lack of control/ missing data

Prospective

  • Measurement in present and future
  • greater control, greater reliablility
  • great time, expense
29
Q

Longitudinal vs Cross-sectional

A

Longitudinal

  • Follow group over time
  • document change in specific individuals
  • long term commitment, little flexibility
  • threats to internal validity

Cross-sectional

  • Study stratified group at point in time to draw conclusions
  • less costly, subjects only tested once
  • potential selection bias, cohort effets
30
Q

Prevalence vs Incidence (Epidemiologic studies)

A

Prevalence (P)

  • Ratio of existing cases to total population
  • estimates probability that an individual will have the condition at any point in time

Incidence (CI)

  • Ratio of new cases to total population
  • Estimates risk of developing condition at any point in time

P is greater than or equal to CI

31
Q

Vital Statistics

A

Birth rate and Death rate

If Birth rate is higher than death rate, population is growing

32
Q

Descriptive Research

A
  • Developmental (change over time)
  • Normative - describe standard values for characteristics of specific populations

Research I (5 decks)

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