Intro to Research Flashcards
from the old French word cerchiers, meaning “to seek or
search”.
research
research comes from the old French word
_____, meaning “_________”.
cerchiers, to seek or
search
The prefix “re” means ______ –
__________
again, signifies replication of the search.
is a systematic inquiry that uses
disciplined methods to answer
questions or solve problems.
RESEARCH
The ultimate goal of research is to
develop, refine, and expand a
body of knowledge
(Webster) is a studious inquiry or
examination, investigation or
experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of
facts, revision of accepted
theories or laws in the light of new
facts or practical applications of
such new or revised theories or
laws.
RESEARCH
is an honest,
scientific investigation undertaken
for the purpose of discovering new
facts which will contribute to the
present body of knowledge and
can lead to an effective solution of
existing problems.
Research
is a scientific process of identifying
the problem and finding ways to
solve that problem.
PROBLEM SOLVING
All elements of a
scientific inquiry
must be explicitly
and precisely
described.
RESEARCH
The same
explicitness and
precision though
they may be
utilized, are not
usually demanded
by
problem solving
They
are analyzed with
appropriate
statistical
procedures.
Where Research
data are quantitative
Detailed statistical
analyses are
seldom done and
quantitative data
are usually limited
to simple frequency
counts.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Factors other than
the variable under
study are
controlled as much
as possible
RESEARCH
Such controls are
not required.
PROBLEM SOLVING
One objective is to
ensure that
findings are
generalized to a
population larger
than the one under
study.
RESEARCH
The primary aim is
the solution of the
problem existing in
the population
being studied, little
or no attention is
given to whether
the findings are
applicable to a
larger population.
PROBLEM SOLVING
The search for new
knowledge through
hypotheses testing
must be done in a
setting and with
study subjects
different from
those which gave
raise to the
observations that
prompted the study
and hypotheses.
RESEARCH
The facts for the
investigation are
always from the
same setting and
from many of the
subjects that give
rise to the proposal
that the study be
done.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Entails a written
plan in sufficient
detail and
explicitness that
the study may be
replicated and the
findings verified.
RESEARCH
The problem solver
needs only to
provide information,
in verbal or tabular
form, to those in the
immediate setting of
the problem and to
propose changes
that will help them
solve the problem.
PROBLEM SOLVING
The researcher has
a moral obligation
to report his
findings in writing
so that others may
share the new
knowledge.
RESEARCH
Research process
a. Identify the problem
b. Review of related literature
c. Theoretical framework
d. Questions to be answered & hypothesis to be tested.
e. Research Methodology
f. Data Gathering
g. Analysis & Interpretation of Data
H. Summary, conclusion & recommendation
problem solving process
a. Identify the problem
b. Gather pertinent information
c. Suggest solutions
d. Consider outcomes
e. Choice of Solution
f. Implement solution
g. Evaluation
h. Modify, Revise, Change
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
- Orderly And Systematic
- Control
- Empiricism
- Generalization
The researcher undertakes the
investigation systematically in an
ordered sequence of steps.
Orderly And Systematic
The researcher identifies and
eliminates specific constraints or
limitations to ensure precision and
validity of results.
Control
It means the imposition of
conditions in the Research situation,
to minimize bias and maximize the
precision and validity of data
gathered.
Control
It refers to gathering of evidence
and relying on one’s own senses.
Empiricism
It means that the Research
findings may be applied to a
situation on a population larger
than the one studied.
Generalization
This is a holistic statement that is
formulated after due analysis of
an adequate number of cases,
instances that bear common
traits, characteristics or trends.
Generalization
A study of all aspects,
components, activities and
phenomena relating to health and
of interest to nurses and
respiratory therapists.
NSG/RT RESEARCH
It it define as a formal systematic,
rigorous and intensive process
used for solutions to nursing
problems or to discover and
interpret new facts and trends in
clinical practice, education or
administration
NSG/RT RESEARCH
is systematic inquiry designed to
develop knowledge about issues
of importance to the Nursing/RT
profession, including Nursing/RT
practice, education,
administration, and informatics.
NURSING/RT RESEARCH
It is important within the context of
promotion and maintenance of
health, prevention and cure of
illness, the habilitation and
rehabilitation of the disabled and
the handicapped whose life
depends on others for survival.
GOALS OF THE NURSING/RT
RESEARCH
SPECIFIC GOALS of RT RESEARCH:
- Efficiency and Effectiveness in
RT/Nursing Care - Worthiness and Value of the
Nursing/ RT Profession to Society - Identifying, Implementing and
evaluating effective healthcare
modalities. - Clinical Research has the
potential for providing quality
care of clients.
The primary reason for
conducting research is to foster
optimum care for clients.
Efficiency and Effectiveness in
RT/Nursing Care
The nursing profession exists to
provide service to society based
on accurate knowledge.
Efficiency and Effectiveness in
RT/Nursing Care
Health care is indispensable to
man’s survival, and nursing/RT
care is one of its major
components.
Worthiness and Value of the
Nursing/ RT Profession to Society
To enable nurses/RTs to deliver
quality care is to make use of the
most recent research findings
that provide proofs or evidences
to validate and justify the
appropriateness and adequacy of
RT/Nursing care.
Worthiness and Value of the
Nursing/ RT Profession to Society
Research enables nurses/RTs to
cautiously assess individuals and
groups, as a basis for planning
accurate nursing/respiratory
interventions.
Identifying, Implementing and
evaluating effective healthcare
modalities.
Inclusions of all factors (biological,
physiological, social, behavioral,
spiritual and environmental
components that influence health
and disease in man’s stages of
development)
Identifying, Implementing and
evaluating effective healthcare
modalities.
It is concerned with the
following tasks:
- The systematic study of
RT problems and
phenomena, using the
process of assessing,
planning, implementing
and evaluating
respiratory care.
Clinical Research has the
potential for providing quality
care of clients.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN
RESPIRATORY THERAPY
DESCRIPTION
EXPLORATION
EXPLANATION
PREDICTION & CONTROL
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Through research, the RT
describes a phenomenon
that relates to the RT
profession as well as to
observe, define, and
document respiratory
therapy situations under
inquiry.
DESCRIPTION
- Research explores the
phenomenon being
investigated by observing
and recording events or
situations occurring in that
phenomenon; it answers
“what” questions on the
phenomenon; and use
enough examples to
become familiar with the
phenomenon for more
precise and accurate
understanding of this.
EXPLORATION
Research seeks
clarification of prevailing
situation to answer
questions that asks “why” a
phenomenon occurred.
“Why did this
happen?” What could
have happened if….?”
EXPLANATION
projects a
situation or30 events that
could arise from research
investigation.
prediction
puts up a barrier
to hinder or minimize the
effects of anticipated
outcomes or reactions.
Control
also refers to actions or
interventions that respond
to patient needs in order to
prevent and eliminate
potential health problems.
PREDICTION & CONTROL
Research findings from
rigorous studies constitute
the best type of evidence
for informing nurses’
decisions, actions, and
interactions with clients
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
RTs could Evaluate &
document their contributions to
the health care delivery system
Research enables RTs to
describe the
characteristics of a
particular respiratory
therapy situation.
- To explain the phenomena
that must be considered in
planning respiratory care.
- predict the probable
outcomes of certain
decisions
- to control the occurrence of
undesired outcomes
- to initiate activities to
promote desired client
behavior.
STEPS OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS (AIMRAD/AIMFAD
FORMAT)
INTRODUCTION
METHOD
RESULTS/FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION parts
● Review of Literature
● Theoretical
Framework/Conceptual
Framework/Paradigm
● Statement of the
Problem/Purpose of the
Study.
● Hypothesis
● Significance of the study
METHOD parts
● Research Design
● Subjects/Materials
● Study Site
● Data Measures
● Data Collection (Procedure
and Ethical
● Considerations)
● Data Analysis
RESULTS/FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION parts
● Conclusion
● Recommendations
How do you write the title of the
investigation?
● Should be clear and specifically
stated
● Variables are included; research
site; study participants
● Should not exceed twenty (20)
substantive words
● Shorter titles are better
It summarizes the content of the
entire study.
TITLE:
It is a frame of reference of the
whole study.
TITLE:
It enables you to claim the study
as your own.
TITLE:
It helps other researchers to
refer to your work as they survey
some theories themselves.
TITLE:
The introductory chapter begins
with the _____
overview of the study.
You should describe the general
problem you are studying in a
manner that is sufficient.
introduction
You should describe the general
problem you are studying in a
manner that is sufficient.
INTRODUCTION
This includes the problem
statement that expresses the
dilemma or disturbing situation
that needs investigation for the
purposes of providing
understanding and direction.
INTRODUCTION
It identifies the nature of the
problem that is being addressed
in the study, and typically, its
context and significance.
INTRODUCTION
Here is where you discuss the
motivation for studying the
problem.
INTRODUCTION
What theoretical and/or practical
situations brought about this
study? Of what application is the
problem or what is its
significance?
INTRODUCTION
The goal is to describe the
problem in broad strokes, justify
its study, and capture the interest
of the reader.
INTRODUCTION
The overview of the study has no
_____.
heading
This, as well as the rest of the
introduction, is written in the
_______. Sections within this
chapter follow one after the other,
with no page breaks in between.
present tense
This section discusses the
theoretical foundations of the
problem.
Review of Literature
The goal is to develop your
problem conceptually and place
it in the context of previous
scientific work. Thus, a
conceptual integration of
previous research is needed.
Review of Literature
Point out the themes, link, gaps,
and inconsistencies in the
literature with the aim to provide
a clear conceptualization of the
problem.
Review of Literature
This section provides justification
of your problem and hypothesis:
- Why study these particular
variables?
- Why propose these
particular hypotheses?
- Why study the problem
with this method?
- What differentiates your
approach from what has
been previously done?
Review of Literature
Unlike other sections in Chapter
I, this rrl section is written in the
______
past tense.
Begin this rrl section
with a ______ (justify to the left,
upper- and lowercase). To
enhance organization,
heading
Types of Related Literature:
- Conceptual Literature
- Research Literature or Related
Studies
Researchers undertake a
______ to familiarize
themselves with the knowledge base.
literature review
Purposes of Literature Review
Identification of a research
problem and development or
refinement of research questions
or hypotheses
Orientation to what is known and
not known about an area of
inquiry, to ascertain what
research can best make a
contribution to the existing base
of evidence.
Purposes of Literature Review
Determination of any gaps
or inconsistencies in a body of
research.
Purposes of Literature Review
Determination of a need to
replicate a prior study in a
different setting or with a
different study population.
Purposes of Literature Review
Identification or development of
new or refined clinical
interventions to test through
empirical research
Purposes of Literature Review
Identification of relevant
theoretical or conceptual
frameworks for a research
problem
Purposes of Literature Review
Identification of suitable designs
and data collection methods for
a study
Purposes of Literature Review
For those developing research
proposals for funding,
identification of experts in the
field who could be used as
consultants
Purposes of Literature Review
Assistance in interpreting study
findings and in developing
implications and
recommendations
Purposes of Literature Review
SOURCES OF RELATED
LITERATURE STUDIES
● Primary source research reports
● Secondary source research
reports
descriptions of studies written by the
researchers who conducted them
● Primary source research reports
descriptions of studies
prepared by someone
other than the original
researcher
● Secondary source research
reports
LOCATION OF RELEVANT
LITERATURE FOR A RESEARCH
REVIEW
- ELECTRONIC LITERATURE
SEARCHES - PRINT RESOURCES
Commonly used service
providers:
● Aries Knowledge Finder
(www.ariessys.com)
● Ebsco Information
Services
(www.ebsco.com)
● PaperChase
(www.paperchase.com
● SilverPlatter Information
(www.silverplatter.com)
Key Electronic Databases for Nurse
Researchers:
a. CINAHL (Cumulative Index to
Nursing and Allied Health
Literature)
b. MEDLINE (Medical Literature
On- Line)
c. AIDSLINE (AIDS Information On-
Line)
d. CancerLit (Cancer Literature)
e. CHID (Combined Health
Informatio5n8 Database)
f. EMBASE (the Excerpta Medica
database)
g. ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol
Problems Science Database)
h. HealthSTAR (Health Services,
Technology, Administration, and
Research)
i. I. PsycINFO (Psychology
Information)
PRINT RESOURCES:
2.a. Print indexes
2.b. Abstract Journals
are books that are used to locate
articles in journals and
periodicals, books, dissertations,
publications of professional
organizations, and government
documents.
Print indexes
Common print indexes:
a. International Nursing Index
b. Cumulative Index to Nursing and
Allied Health Literature
c. Nursing Studies Index
d. Index Medicus
e. Hospital Literature Index
summarize articles that have
appeared in other journals.
Abstract Journals
Two most important abstracts:
a. Nursing abstracts
b. Psychological abstracts
