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Missed Lectures > Intro to RDA > Flashcards

Intro to RDA Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of male reproduction system

A

androgens and production of mature sperm

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2
Q

The two important cells of the testis and roles

A

Sertoli cells: form the seminiferous tubule and produce sperm
Lyedig cells: Produce Testosterone and androgens and release into circulation

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3
Q

Function of the epididmys

A

Store of mature sperm

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4
Q

Route of sperm during ejaculation

A

Epidiymis, vas deferens, +semen, The fluid then leaves the ejaculatory duct, and passes into the urethra where it mixes with secretions from the prostate gland.

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5
Q

Which glycoprotein is produced by sertoli cells

A

Androgen Binding Protien

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6
Q

Explain which hormones lead to spermatogenesis

A

GnRH->FSH&LH. FSH acts on ABP. LH acts on Lyedig to produce testosterone, which also acts on ABP. Testostrone and Inhibin act on negative feedback

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis steps

A

Germ Cell 44xy, primary spermatocyte 44xy, secondary spermtocyte 22x22y, spermatid 22x22y, spermatozoa 22x22y, released into lumen

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8
Q

Functions of the ovaries

A

gametogenesis, oestrogen and progesterone production

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9
Q

Revise the anatomy of the uterus and surrounding structures

A

including zones of the uterus, ligaments, parts of the fallopian tubes

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10
Q

What are the gonadotrophin independent stages of follicle growth

A

primordial follicle -> primary follicle -> pre-antral follicle

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11
Q

What are the gonadotrophin dependent stages of follicle development

A

Small antral follicle -> Large antral follicle -> Pre-ovulatory follicle

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12
Q

Why do not all germ cells reach follicular stage

A

Atresia

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13
Q

Which cells are responsible for oestrogen production

A

thecal cells

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14
Q

Which cells are responsible for oestrogen production during the second half of the ovarian cycle

A

granulosa-luteal cells

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15
Q

Describe expected variences from the 28 day cycle

A

Normal range of 21-25. When menses starts can be longer eg. 45 days. at menopause, more irregular and more frequent

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16
Q

What are the endometrial cycle phases

A

Menstrual (days 1-5)
Repair and proliferative (9 days)
Secretory phase (13 days)

17
Q

What happens in each of the endometrial cycle phases

A

Menstrual: Shedding of previous endometrium
Repair and Proliferation: 17b-oestradiol causes proliferation of endometrial cells
Secretory phase: Production of nutrients and widening of endometrial glands, increased coiling of arteries (progesterone and oestrogen)

18
Q

What are the stages of ovarian cycle

A

follicular: 14 days -> Growth of the follicle, thecal and granulosa cells produce oestrogen, this switches from negative to positive feedback and so LH and FSH surge occurs and ovulation occurs. This is oestrogen mediated.
Luteal phase: 14 days -> follicle produces oestrogen and progesterone

19
Q

When does oestrogen have negative feedback effectds

A

early, mid follicular phase and luteal

20
Q

When does oestrogen have positive feedback effect

A

late follicular phase

21
Q

What happens to body temperature during the luteal phase

A

it increases

22
Q

When is the first meiotic division of folliculogenesis

A

first meiotic division is completed during the formation of the Secondary follicle, linked to the LH surge

23
Q

When is the second meiotic division

A

Meiosis II follows immediately after this, but pauses in metaphase II

24
Q

How long does folliculogenesis take

A

56 days, therefore roughly a month each ovary. Ovaries have follicles at all stages of development inside them occurring simultaneously

25
Q

What is the dominant follicles pathway

A

becomes a secondary graffian follicle

26
Q

How many primordial follicles are there at the time of birth

A

2 million

27
Q

How many follicles are released in a lifetime

A

roughly 400

28
Q

Describe the course of meiosis and the timing of the cell cycle in oogenesis

A

Meiosis I starts during embryonic development, but halts at the diplotene stage of prophase I (primary follicle); this persists until puberty when meiosis resumes as secondary follicles develop. Only a sub-population of follicles become secondary follicles, and these undergo another pause in meiosis at the metaphase stage of Meiosis II. Only fertilisation can cause the completion of meiosis in a human oocyte.

29
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

Produces offspring that differ genetically from both parents.

30
Q

What is the purpose of sexual intercourse

A

Required for sexual reproduction
Sexual activity
Sexual pleasure
Human bonding

31
Q

How is the brain involved in sexual reproduction

A

Mesolimbic pthway for reward and pleasure
Nigrostriatal tract: movement
HPaxis -> necessary hormones

32
Q

Describe how an erection occurs

A

Initiated by: increased parasympathetic activity to smooth muscle of pudendal artery
Increases the activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), and hence nitric oxide (NO)
NO increases production of cyclic GMP which induces dilatation of arterial smooth muscle.
counteracts sympathetic-maintained myogenic tone
increases blood flow in corpus cavernosum
which compresses the dorsal vein, restricting the outflow of blood
The urethra is protected from increased pressure by surrounding corpus spongiosum (less turgid)

33
Q

Explain the link between viagra and cGMP

A

Cyclic GMP is normally de-activated by a phosphodiesterase enzyme, and this will reverse the changes leading to penile erection. Viagra inhibits the phosphodiesterase, thus potentiating the effects of cyclic GMP.

34
Q

Describe the events leading to fertilisation

A

Deposition of sperm within female system following sexual intercourse.
Sperm are deposited near cervix
Cervical mucus is normally hostile to sperm
This forms a physical barrier to sperm
Cervical mucus changes at mid-cycle
This change permits sperm to enter uterus
Passage of sperm through uterus
Passage of sperm into Fallopian tube
Swim from there to Fallopian tube ampulla
~30 µm/sec average speed; 2 mm/min; 12 cm/hour
Survival of the fittest (a few days)
Capacitation – takes time within uterus
Capacitation is essential preparation before the sperm meet the oocyte
Meeting of egg with sperm
Fusion of egg and one sperm (within 24 hours post ovulation)
Acrosome reaction: penetration of Zona Pellucida (& Coronal cells)
Calcium flux
Resumption of meiosis, release of 2nd polar body
Alignment of maternal and paternal chromosomes to generate zygote.
Change in Zona Pellucida to prevent additional sperm fusing with zygote.
Initiation of mitotic (cleavage) divisions in embryo.

35
Q

Whats the name of the hardening of the zona pelucida

A

cortical reaction

Missed Lectures (5 decks)

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