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Radiology > Intro To Rad Unit 2 > Flashcards

Intro To Rad Unit 2 Flashcards

-Physics -Radiographic Equipment -Prime Factors -Image Quality Factors -Image Accessories -Geometric Factors -Math

1
Q

Physics-

A

The branch of science that deals with matter and energy and their relationship to each other.

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2
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element that still has its properties

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3
Q

Atomic Number

A

of protons in an atom
-positive charged
-determine what and where atom is on periodic table

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4
Q

Atomic Mass-

A

Particles in nucleus of atoms
protons+neutrons

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5
Q

Electrons-

A

Exist around nucleus in shells; determine how atom combines with other atoms

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6
Q

Ionization-

A

The charging of atoms
(can be negative-gained electrons or
positive-lost electrons)

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7
Q

Radiation

A

Energy transmitted by waves through space;causes ionization

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8
Q

X-rays-

A

man-made ionizing radiation

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9
Q

Gamma ray

A

Naturally occurring ionizing radiation given off from atoms like radioactive isotopes as they decay.

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10
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum order:

A

-x-rays
-gamma rays
-Ultra Violet
-visible light
-infra red
-radio waves

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11
Q

Three ways to write the speed of light:

A

-186,000 miles/sec
-3X10^10 cm/sec
-3X10^8 m/sec

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12
Q

The shorter the wavelength-

A

The more penetrating

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13
Q

Sine waves

A

waves of energy

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14
Q

Wave length distance is_

A

from peak to peak

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15
Q

Amplitude-

A

The height of peak

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16
Q

Cycle-

A

distance from peak, valley, peak, and valley

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17
Q

Frequency-

the smaller the sound wave-

A

number of cycles per second
-the more penetrating

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18
Q

Properties of x-rays-(12)

A

-highly penetrating
-invisible
-short wavelength
-electrically neutral
-polyenergetic/heterogenous
-liberate small amounts of heat when passing through matter
-travel in straight lines
-cause ionization
-cause fluorescence
-affect photorgraphic film
-produce secondary and scattered radiation
-produce chemical and biological changes

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19
Q

Scattered radiation-

A

hits patient and changes direction

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20
Q

Condition for Production:(diagnostic)

A
  1. source of electrons
    2.speeding electrons up
    3.suddenly stopping electrons
  2. need a glass tube
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21
Q

Condition for Production (not diagnostic):

A
  1. source of electrons
    2.speeding electrons up
    3.suddenly stopping electrons
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22
Q

The source of electrons in a radiographic tube come from-

A

amerage(current) heats filament that causes in thermionic emission

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23
Q

Thermionic emission-

A

the liberation of electrons by virtue of its own temperature

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24
Q

How fast do electrons speed up in a radiographic tube?

A

half the speed of light

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25
Q

The electrons are stopped in a radiographic tube by__ and results in_

A

-interaction with target
-99% heat and 1% electromagnetic radiation

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26
Q

Cathode-

A

the negative charged side of x-ray tube
-contains 2 wires; tungsten filament

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27
Q

Filament
-cathode or anode?

A

2 wires made of tungsten that are the source of electrons
-cathode

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28
Q

Focusing cup
-cathode or anode?
made of?

A

negatively charged that repels electrons and concentrates the electron beam on the focal spot of the anode
-cathode
-made of molybdenum

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29
Q

Anode-
made of? (2)

A

The positive charged side of tube that has a surface called a target and a focal spot
-made of tungsten and rhenium

30
Q

Tungsten is used in radiographic tube because-

A

it has a high atomic number which gives it a high melting point

31
Q

Glass envelope-

A

made of pyrex to withstand the extra high heat not directed to focal spot

32
Q

Housing-
made of-

A

insulation, cooling, and protection
-made of metal and lead; insulating oil

33
Q

Primary radiation-

A

radiation leaving the tube window open

34
Q

Leakage-

A

Anything leaving other parts of the tube
(housing should prevent leakage)

35
Q

Attenuated-

A

Absorption and scatter; does not reach the image receptor (cassette)

36
Q

Remnant-

A

passes completely through patient and exposes image receptor; direct transmission

37
Q

mA-
current-amperage

A

milliamperage-heats up the filament
intensity and quantity of electrons
-the higher the mA the hotter the filament

38
Q

Time(seconds)-

A

controls how long the electrons come out
-expressed as a fraction or decimal
-shorter exposure time for less motion

39
Q

kVp-
causes-

A

-kilovoltage peak
-the quality/ strength of x-ray beam; wavelength
-1 kV = 1,000 volts of electricity
-causes contrast of image( gray scale)
-increase in kVp is shorter wavelength

40
Q

Distance(SID)-

A

;distance from tube to image; source to image distance
- as distance gets further away, spatial resolution increases, magnification decreases, and image receptor exposure decreases.

41
Q

the higher the mA-

A

the hotter the filament and more xray electrons will be created( intensity and quantity)
-greater image receptor exposure

42
Q

Formula for image receptor exposure-

A

mA X Time = mAs

43
Q

Inverse square law-
formula?-

Thumb rule-

A
  • when the distance changes and you want to know what the new intensity will be ; finding intensity( R mR)
    -old intensity/new intensity=new distance^2/old didstance^2

½ SID = 4 X mR*
2X SID = ¼ mR

44
Q

Why do you need more radiation for father away images?

A

due to the beam diverging and covering a larger area

45
Q

Exposure Maintenance Law-
Formula-

A

used to find the new mAs technique when the SID changes and want to maintain IR exposure
-mAs1/mAs2 = D1^2/D1^2

46
Q

IR exposure definition-
double the mA=__
Double the time=__

A

the amount of radiation a patient receives.
-double the IR exposure
-double the IR exposure(increases chance of motion)

47
Q

most dense to least dense on x-ray image-(5)

A

-metal
-bone
-muscle
-soft tissue
-air

47
Q

Subject Contrast-
digital or analog?

A

result of differential absorption of dif. tissues in the body due to atomic number differences and tissue thickness differences of the patient.

‘digital

48
Q

Contrast resolution-

A

the ability to distinguish anatomical structures of similar subject contrast

49
Q

Gray scale-

A

how many colors we have represented
-low kVP=short gray scale(black and white), high subject contrast
-high kVp= long gray scale, low subject contrast

50
Q

For the 15% rule when you have too much exposure you-

A

Multiply kvp by .15 and then subtract product to the original kVp

51
Q

For the 15% rule when you have too little exposure you-

A

Multiply kVp by .15 and then add product to original kVp

52
Q

Half Value Layer-

A

The thickness of absorbing material needed to reduce the intensity of x ray beam to 1/2 it’s original value before it hits patient

53
Q

2N^2

A

N=number of shells
k=2
L=8
M=18

54
Q

Heterogenous-

A

many wavelengths

55
Q

Half value layer-

A

reduces beam intensity before hitting patient

56
Q

Grid-

-protects patient?

A

placed between patient and image receptor to absorb scattered or secondary radiation
-to get better image NOT to protect patient

57
Q

Radioopaque-
Radiolucent-

A
  • absorbs x-rays(shows up white on x-rays) bone
    -x-ray passes through( shows up black on x-ray)
58
Q

Beam restrictors-
protects patient?

A

-collimator;beam limiting device
reduce scatter and secondary radiation-patient exposure decreases, subject contrast increases,

59
Q

Filtration-

A

built in tube feature that removes lower energy(long wavelengths) radiation before it reaches the patient.
-lowers patient entrance exposure (ESE)

60
Q

table-

A

radiolucent and tilts 15/90

61
Q

Image receptor-
CR-
DR-

A

to record the image to have a permanent record
- uses special cassette
-uses digital sensor

62
Q

casette ID contains-

A

name, date, patient ID number, and facility name

63
Q

spatial resolution-
can control by
voluntary-
involuntary-

A

sharpness of detail in representing the true edges of anatomy on image; how crisp edges of different bones are
-communicate to get them to not move
-try to use short exposure time

64
Q

The smaller the focal spot-
-the limiting factor is-

A

the better the spatial resolution
-heat produced by high techniques required for thick anatomy

65
Q

Umbra-
Penumbra-

A

‘pure shadow
-blur

66
Q

Small focal spot-
large focal spot-

A

small anatomy
-large anatomy

67
Q

Increased SiD=

A

increased spatial resolution and decreased IR exposure

68
Q

OID-

A

distance between part being radiographed and image receptor
decreased OID= increased spatial resolution

69
Q

Ideal spatial resolution-

A

-small focal spot size
long SID
short OID
limited motion
small pixel size

70
Q

Magnification-

A

size distortion; different between real size of object affected by SiD and OID

71
Q

Foreshortening-
elongation-

A
  • made smaller
  • made longer in pic

Radiology (8 decks)

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