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General Psychology > Intro to Psychology > Flashcards

Intro to Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Early pioneers

A

Science of mental life

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2
Q

Behaviorists

A

Scientific study of observable behavior

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3
Q

Freudian

A

Emphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences

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4
Q

Humanistic psychologists

A

Stress on people’s growth potential

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5
Q

Cognitive psychologists

A

Scientific exploration of how information is perceived, processed, and remembered

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6
Q

Cognitive neuroscientists

A

Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity

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7
Q

Psychology

A

Science of behavior and mental processes

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8
Q

Behavior

A

Any action that can be observed and recorded

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9
Q

Mental processes

A

Internal states that are inferred from behavior

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10
Q

Neuroscience

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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11
Q

Evolutionary

A

How the natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next has promoted the survival of genes

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12
Q

Behavior genetics

A

How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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13
Q

Psychodynamic

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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14
Q

Behavioral

A

How we learn observable responses

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15
Q

Cognitive

A

How we encode, process, store and retrieve information

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16
Q

Social-cultural

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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17
Q

Eclectic approach

A

Focus on different parts of different perspectives

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18
Q

Clinical psychologist (PhD)

A

Studies, assesses, and treats using psychotherapy

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19
Q

Psychiatrist (MD)

A

Drugs and and psychotherapy to treat

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20
Q

Forensic psychologist

A

Apply psychology’s principles and methods in the criminal justice system; may consult on witnesses, or testify about a defendant’s state of mind and future risk

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21
Q

Big idea 1

A

Critical thinking is smart thinking

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22
Q

Big idea 2

A

Behavior is a biopsychosocial event

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23
Q

Big idea 3

A

We operate with a two-track mind

24
Q

Big idea 4

A

Psychology explores human strengths as well as challenges

25
Q

Critical thinking

A

Thing that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

26
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

Views human behavior from three levels: biological, psychological, social-cultural; each level’s viewpoint provides valuable insight into a behavior or mental process

27
Q

Dual processing

A

The principle that the mind processes at the same time on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

28
Q

Positive psychology

A

Suggests that happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life

29
Q

Nature

A

Inherited characteristics that influences personality, physical and intellectual growth, and social interactions

30
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental factors such as parental styles, physical surroundings, and economic issues

31
Q

Theory

A

A broad explanation that organizes and predicts behavior or events

32
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable prediction, often implied by a theory

33
Q

Operational definition

A

Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

34
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

35
Q

Case studies

A

Examine one individual or group in depth

36
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Technique of observing and recording behavior in a natural environment

37
Q

Surveys

A

Techniques for obtaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group

38
Q

Wording effect

A

Subtle changes in the wording of a question can have major effects of the survey crowd`

39
Q

Random sample

A

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

40
Q

Correlation

A

Measure of the extent to which two events vary together; measure of how well either one predicts the other

41
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Mathematical expression of the relationship; ranges from -1.00 to +1.00: 0 indicates no relationship

42
Q

Positive correlation (above 0 to +1.00)

A

Indicates a direct relationship; two things increase together or decrease together

43
Q

Negative correlation (below 0 to -1.00)

A

Indicates an inverse relationship; as one thing increases, the other decreases

44
Q

Weak correlation

A

Coefficient near zero; indicates little or no relationship

45
Q

Experiment

A

A method in which researchers vary one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

46
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any preexisting differences between the groups

47
Q

Experimental group

A

Group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

48
Q

Control group

A

Group not exposed to the treatment; serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment

49
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

A procedure in which both the participants and the research staff are ignorant about who has received the treatment or a placebo

50
Q

Placebo

A

Inactive substance or condition that is given to those in a control group in place of the treatment given to the experimental group

51
Q

Placebo effect

A

Results caused by expectations alone

52
Q

Independent variable

A

Factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

53
Q

Confounding variable

A

Factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

54
Q

Dependent variable

A

Factor that is measured; variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

55
Q

Descriptive

A

To observe and record behavior

56
Q

Correlational

A

To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another

57
Q

Experimental

A

To explore cause and effect

General Psychology (2 decks)

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