💬 Intro to Psychology Flashcards
PY0FTP 1 (Katie)
What is psychology?
The scientific study of
behaviour and the mind.
What is a behaviour?
Our actions and responses to a stimulus, which can be observed directly.
What is the mind?
Interal thoughts and feelings which cannot be observed.
What are the 6 perspectives used in psychological research?
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioural
- Humanistic
- Cognitive
- Sociocultural
- Biological
What is the psychodynamic perspective?
psychodynamic perspective
- Approach by Freud - convinced that unconscious part of the mind influences behaviour.
What are the three principles of the psychodynamic perspective?
psychodynamic perspective
- ID = Pleasure principle
- Ego = Reality principle
- Superego = Morality principle
What does psychoanalysis mean?
psychodynamic perspective
The analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces. It is a treatment based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past.
What are the 7 defence mechanisms developed by freud.
psychodynamic perspective
- Denial
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Regression
- Sublimation
- Rationalization
- Passive-aggression
What is the behavioural perspective?
behavioural perspective
The theory that at birth we are ‘blank slates’ and that our behaviour is shaped purely by the environment around us, through the past and present environment.
What did Ivan Pavlov do?
behavioural perspective
Paired a two unrelated stimuli, such as a metronome and food, dogs learned to salivate when presented with the metronome alone.
What is positive reinforcement?
behavioural perspective
Rewarding positive behaviors by adding a positive outcome (Eg praise)
What is negative reinforcement?
behavioural perspective
Encourages a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (Eg leaving a room to stop crying)
What is punishment in terms of the behaviourist perspective?
behavioural perspective
A negative consequence that aims to eliminate an undesired behavior (Eg, taking away a device from a child to stop excessive screen time)
What is the humanist perspective?
Humanist perspective
This perspective sees humans as free agents (idiographic approach).
What are behaviours caused by according to the humanist approach?
Humanist perspective
- Free will
- Choice
- Innate drive towards self-actualization
What is the Cognitive perspective?
Cognitive perspective
The study of internal mental processes such as attention, memory and decision-making. This perspective sees humans as the thinkers.
What are behaviours caused by according to the cognitive approach?
Cognitive perspective
Behaviour caused by:
* thoughts
* anticipations
* planning
* perceptions
* attention & memory
What is the sociocultural perspective?
Sociocultural perspective
A theory that explains how social and cultural factors shape a person’s behavior, mental processes, and development. This perspective sees humans as social beings embedded in their culture.
What are behaviours caused by according to the Sociocultural approach?
Sociocultural perspective
- Social forces
- Social environment
- Culture
What is the biological approach?
Biological perspective
The theory that suggests behavior and mental processes are influenced by genetics, brain structure/function, and the nervous system.
What are behaviours caused by according to the biological approach?
Biological perspective
- Genetics
- Evolutionary
factors - The brain’s biochemical processes
What are the three levels of analysis?
Psychology as a science
- Environmental - Upbringing, connections / rejection
- Biological - Genes, brain etc.
- Psychological - Thought processes, personality type
What is the scientific method?
Psychology as a science
An empirical method for acquiring knowledge.
What is a theory?
Psychology as a science
A set of principles that explain behaviours and mental processes.
