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Psychology with Foundation Year > 💬 Intro to Psychology > Flashcards

💬 Intro to Psychology Flashcards

PY0FTP 1 (Katie)

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1
Q

What is psychology?

A

The scientific study of
behaviour and the mind.

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2
Q

What is a behaviour?

A

Our actions and responses to a stimulus, which can be observed directly.

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3
Q

What is the mind?

A

Interal thoughts and feelings which cannot be observed.

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4
Q

What are the 6 perspectives used in psychological research?

A
  • Psychodynamic
  • Behavioural
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive
  • Sociocultural
  • Biological
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5
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

psychodynamic perspective

A
  • Approach by Freud - convinced that unconscious part of the mind influences behaviour.
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6
Q

What are the three principles of the psychodynamic perspective?

psychodynamic perspective

A
  • ID = Pleasure principle
  • Ego = Reality principle
  • Superego = Morality principle
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7
Q

What does psychoanalysis mean?

psychodynamic perspective

A

The analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces. It is a treatment based on the theory that our present is shaped by our past.

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8
Q

What are the 7 defence mechanisms developed by freud.

psychodynamic perspective

A
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Displacement
  • Regression
  • Sublimation
  • Rationalization
  • Passive-aggression
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9
Q

What is the behavioural perspective?

behavioural perspective

A

The theory that at birth we are ‘blank slates’ and that our behaviour is shaped purely by the environment around us, through the past and present environment.

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10
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

behavioural perspective

A

Paired a two unrelated stimuli, such as a metronome and food, dogs learned to salivate when presented with the metronome alone.

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

behavioural perspective

A

Rewarding positive behaviors by adding a positive outcome (Eg praise)

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

behavioural perspective

A

Encourages a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (Eg leaving a room to stop crying)

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13
Q

What is punishment in terms of the behaviourist perspective?

behavioural perspective

A

A negative consequence that aims to eliminate an undesired behavior (Eg, taking away a device from a child to stop excessive screen time)

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14
Q

What is the humanist perspective?

Humanist perspective

A

This perspective sees humans as free agents (idiographic approach).

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15
Q

What are behaviours caused by according to the humanist approach?

Humanist perspective

A
  • Free will
  • Choice
  • Innate drive towards self-actualization
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16
Q

What is the Cognitive perspective?

Cognitive perspective

A

The study of internal mental processes such as attention, memory and decision-making. This perspective sees humans as the thinkers.

17
Q

What are behaviours caused by according to the cognitive approach?

Cognitive perspective

A

Behaviour caused by:
* thoughts
* anticipations
* planning
* perceptions
* attention & memory

18
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective?

Sociocultural perspective

A

A theory that explains how social and cultural factors shape a person’s behavior, mental processes, and development. This perspective sees humans as social beings embedded in their culture.

19
Q

What are behaviours caused by according to the Sociocultural approach?

Sociocultural perspective

A
  • Social forces
  • Social environment
  • Culture
20
Q

What is the biological approach?

Biological perspective

A

The theory that suggests behavior and mental processes are influenced by genetics, brain structure/function, and the nervous system.

21
Q

What are behaviours caused by according to the biological approach?

Biological perspective

A
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary
    factors
  • The brain’s biochemical processes
22
Q

What are the three levels of analysis?

Psychology as a science

A
  • Environmental - Upbringing, connections / rejection
  • Biological - Genes, brain etc.
  • Psychological - Thought processes, personality type
23
Q

What is the scientific method?

Psychology as a science

A

An empirical method for acquiring knowledge.

24
Q

What is a theory?

Psychology as a science

A

A set of principles that explain behaviours and mental processes.

25
Q

What is a hypothesis?

Psychology as a science

A

A prediction of the expected outcome in an experiment.

26
Q

What is a variable?

A

A factor/characteristic that can be changed or measured in a study.

27
Q

What are the three types of variables?

A
  • Independent
  • Dependent
  • Control

Psychology with Foundation Year (12 decks)

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