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psychology > Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Flashcards

unit 2

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1
Q

Learning

A

long-lasting change in behavior that comes about due to the individual’s experience

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2
Q

Instinct

A

is a fairly elaborate pattern of behavior that is shown by all members of a species
* not learned

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3
Q

Reflex

A

a simple pattern of behavior that does not involve the brain, but only a simple connection in the spinal cord
* not learned

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4
Q

Habituation

A

simplest form of learning
* is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

basic form of learning in which existing reflex responses come to be elicited (caused) by new stimuli

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6
Q

Pavlov

A

observed that meat powder caused reflex salivation
* Pavlov rang a bell; initially the bell was a neutral stimulus
* he placed meat powder on the dog’s tongue
* after this sequence was repeated many times, the bell alone began to cause salivation
by association, the bell which before had no effect, began to produce the same response that the food did

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

stimulus that does not evoke a response

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimuli

A

produce reflexive responses or involuntary emotional reactions

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9
Q

Extinction

A

the gradual decline and disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced

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10
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of an extinguished response upon returning to the familiar situation and the conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Unconditioned response

A

response that will occur without previous conditioning

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12
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

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13
Q

Conditioned response

A

the response which is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by similar stimuli or situations

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

the learned ability to detect differences among stimuli and to respond differently to each

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16
Q

Operant conditioning or instrumental learning

A

a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or diminished by its consequences

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17
Q

Operant

A

a response that has some effect

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18
Q

Reinforcer

A

increases the probability that a behavior will occur again

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19
Q

Law of Effect

A

acts that are reinforced (rewarded) tend to be repeated
responses that are followed by satisfying consequences increase in probability

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20
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

satisfy biological needs

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21
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

depend on learning

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22
Q

Watson’s theory

A

three basic human emotions: fear, rage, and love, which get transferred to other situations through classical conditioning

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23
Q

Skinner box

A

conditioning chamber used to “teach” operant conditioning

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24
Q

Positive reinforcement

A
  • reward
    *increases responding
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25
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event
* ends discomfort

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26
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases the rate of a response

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27
Q

Punishment

A

decreases the rate of a response

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28
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A
  • one behavior, one reinforcement
  • quickest way to teach a behavior
  • quickest to extinguish
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29
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A
  • highly resistant to extinction
  • basic patterns:
    fixed ratio
    variable ratio
    fixed interval
    variable interval
30
Q

Fixed ratio

A

ratio of reinforcers to responses is fixed
* produce high rates of response

31
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A
  • slight variation fixed ratio
  • less predictable
  • greater resistance to extinction than fixed ratio schedules
32
Q

Fixed interval pattern

A

reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a fixed amount of time has passed

33
Q

Variable intervals schedules

A
  • variation on fixed intervals
  • reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time
  • produce slow, steady rates of response and tremendous resistance to extinction.
34
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

reinforcement affects not only the last response that precedes it, but also other responses occurring shortly before
* often becomes part of response chains

35
Q

Vicarious learning or observational learning

A

behavior that is learned through classical or
operant conditioning (especially of emotions) brought about by observing the reactions or results of another person to a particular stimulus

36
Q

Social psychology

A

studies how people think about, influence and relate to one another

37
Q

Attribution theory

A

researches and describes how people explain others’ behavior

38
Q

Attributions

A

the inferences that people draw about the causes of events,
others’ behavior and their own behavior

39
Q

Attribution

A

process by which people explain the causes of behavior

40
Q

Internal attributions

A
  • dispositional
  • explain behavior as due to characteristics of the person
41
Q

External attributions

A
  • situational
  • explain behaviors as arising from the situation
42
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  • tendency to over-emphasize internal characteristics in explaining the behavior of others
  • people also use mental shortcuts to make judgments and decisions quickly
43
Q

Self-serving bias

A

attributing one’s successes to dispositional factors and one’s failures to situational factors

44
Q

Social influence

A

influence by one person to alter the behavior and attitudes of one or more others

45
Q

Normative social influence

A

conform to avoid rejection or to gain social approval

46
Q

Informational social influence

A

accepting others’ opinions about reality

47
Q

Asch study

A

research on compliance
* found that group size, cohesiveness and having an ally can affect whether or not one conforms

48
Q

Reactance

persuasion

Ways to resist persuasion

A

doing the opposite of what is trying to be persuaded; occurs when attempts to persuade are seen as attempts to limit personal freedom

49
Q

Forewarning

Ways to resist persuasion

A

advance warning; protects by allowing a forming of advance counter-arguments

50
Q

Selective avoidance

Ways to resist persuasion

A

attempts to find consistent viewpoints while avoiding inconsistent viewpoints

51
Q

Foot in the door

Techniques used in compliance

A

making a small request before a large request

52
Q

Door in the face

Techniques used in compliance

A

following a large request with a small request

53
Q

That’s not all

Techniques used in compliance

A

includes a bonus to whatever you buy

54
Q

Low-ball

Techniques used in compliance

A

get person committed, then make terms of acting less desirable

55
Q

Social loafing

A

reduced efforts by some individuals
in group tasks
* to reduce social loafing:
identify contributions of group
members
increase group members’ commitment to successful task performance
strengthen group’s cohesiveness

56
Q

Social facilitation theory

A

the mere presence of other people can affect the speed and quality of an individual’s task performance

57
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency for group decisions to take extreme course of action
* pressured by deadlines
* leader of the group makes his/her position known
* group is insulated

58
Q

Pro-social behavior

A

altruistic behavior: actions that provide a benefit to others while not having obvious benefits to oneself.

59
Q

Bystander effect

A

failure to help is related to number of people present

60
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

people feel less responsible for dealing with emergency when there are other people around

61
Q

Frustration aggression hypotheses

A
  • occurs when goal-directed behavior is blocked
  • tendency to aggress varies directly with amount of frustration
  • strongest tendency is to aggress towards source of frustration
  • aggression is often inhibited
62
Q

Heat hypotheses

A

positive correlation between the increase in temperature and violent crimes

63
Q

Attitudes

A
  • evaluative response directed at specific objects
  • attitudes are learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning
  • we tend to be more attracted to people with attitudes similar to ours as opposed attitudes different than ours
64
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A
  • negative feelings arising from inconsistent
    attitudes and voluntary behavior
  • to eliminate cognitive dissonance, must change either the attitude or behavior
65
Q

Causes of prejudice

A
  • realistic conflict theory
  • social learning
  • social categorization
  • ingroup versus outgroup
66
Q

Sternberg’s triangular theory

A

love has three basic components:
* passion
* intimacy
* commitment

67
Q

Seven types of love

A

types of love are based on three components that are passion, intimacy, and love
* non-love
* infatuation
* empty love
* romantic
* companionate
* fatuous
* consummate love

68
Q

Hendrick love styles

A
  • eros – romantic, passionate love
  • philia – affectionate, friendly love
  • storge – unconditional, familial love
  • agape – selfless, universal love
  • ludus – playful, flirtatious love
  • pragma – committed, eternal love
  • manic love – intense, obsessive love
69
Q

Women tend to be more ____ in their love styles

A

pragmatic, manic and storgic

70
Q

Men tend to be more ____ in their love styles

A

erotic and ludic

psychology (4 decks)

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