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Intro to Psychology > Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Social Psychology

A

“How the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1954)

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2
Q

What is need to belong

A

Baumeister and Leary (1995) Desire to affiliate with others and be socially accepted (need to belong)

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3
Q

What is Social Support and groups

A

Social support - extent to which an individual has people they can rely on to respond to their needs

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4
Q

What is Imagined Presence in Social Psychology

A

The imagined social reaction to behaviour and attitudes

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5
Q

What is implied Presence in Social Psychology

A

The implication that someone may be watching an individual’s behaviours and attitudes

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6
Q

How is Need to Belong believed to have developed?

A

Developed through natural selection to increase our likelihood of survival

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7
Q

What is the impacts of Social Support

A

Cohen and Wills (1985) suggest social support improves mental and physical health
Motivates people to take care of themselves
Acts to buffer stress
Practical assistance – reduce or remove stressor
Emotional assistance – reassuring person about stressor

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8
Q

What effect did Cruwys et al. (2015) find belonging to multiple groups had on depression?

A

Belonging to lots of different groups associated with lower depression though belonging was a stronger indicator

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9
Q

What are Correlational (Cross-sectional) Studies?

A

The process of measuring two or more variables to find a relationship, these don’t vary anything.

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10
Q

What are Longitudinal Studies

A

Longitudinal studies are studies that measure participants at two different points of time to see how measures at one point can predict a later point.

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11
Q

What are experimental studies

A

Experimental studies are studies where the situation and experiences are controlled and manipulated to allow the researcher to look at differences based on thoughts and behaviours.

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12
Q

What are meta-analyses

A

Meta-Analyses are a study where data from many studies are brought together to see the strength of a relationship in each study and combines the data to see if an overall relationship exists.

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13
Q

What is the definition of qualitative methods.

A

Textual data collected through interviews, focus groups etc.

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14
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods

A

Advantages
Obtain in-depth information from participant
Can explore new areas

Disadvantages
People may lie to look positive in the eyes of the researcher
“Why did you cheat on your partner?”

People may not understand their behaviour

Picked last tights they viewed

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15
Q

What is Evaluation Apprehension?

A

The uneasiness a research participant may feel because they want to be favourably viewed by the experimenter.

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16
Q

What is Asch’s Configural Model of Impression Formation

A

The belief that we form our impression based on a gestalt (whole picture) with each piece of information informing others mostly being influenced by the central traits

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17
Q

What is Anderson (1965,1978, 1981) Cognitive Algebra model of Impression Formation

A

It’s the theory that we rate people on various attributes and combine these to create our impression

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18
Q

What influence does attraction have on impression formation

A

The more conventionally attractive a person is the more likely a positive impression is to be formed.

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19
Q

What are the Primacy and Recency Effects

A

Primacy is the idea that information presented earlier has the greatest influence on impression formation and Recency is the idea that information presented later has the greatest influence

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20
Q

What role does social schemas and stereotypes have on impression formation

A

Social Schema and Stereotypes can influence how our impressions are formed.

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21
Q

What are Social Schemas

A

Schema are cognitive structures that represent our knowledge about an object or concept

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22
Q

What are the Two Types of Traits and what do they represent

A

Central traits; traits that defines a person’s overall personality, warm that are highly influential on impression formation .

Peripheral Traits; traits that don’t define an overall personality, polite, cheerful, these are less influential on Impression formation.

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23
Q

What are the functions of Cognitive Algebra?

A

Summation and Averaging

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24
Q

What is Heider’s theory of attribution?

A

We feel discomfort when we don’t know why things have happened so we are motivated to find the cause.

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25
Q

What is Kelley’s Covariation model of attribution?

A

Attributions are attributed to three types of information; how consistent the behaviour is; how distinct the behaviour is and do other people behave in a similar way in the situation.

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26
Q

What is Weiner’s model for Achievement attribution.

A

Attribution based on 3 dimensions; Locus (is it due to internal or external factors), Stability (if it’s likely to change or not) and Control. (Is it controllable or uncontrollable)

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27
Q

How is the attributional process subject to bias?

A

Fundamental Attribution Error
Actor-Observer Effect
Self-Serving Bias

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28
Q

What is attribution?

A

Attribution is assigning a cause to the behaviour of ourselves and others.
Providing a reason why someone did something.

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29
Q

What are Internal and External attributions and which one are we more likely to use?

A

Internal attribution - blame it on the person
External attribution – blame it on the situation
We are more likely to use external rather than internal attributions because we know more about the situation.

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30
Q

What three types of information are used in the Covariation Model/

A

Consistency Information
Distinctiveness Information
Consensus Information

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31
Q

How does Weiner’s Model predict behaviour?

A

The attributions may be used to predict emotion which could be used to predict behaviour.

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32
Q

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

When making attributions about other people we tend to ignore their constraints and limits and tend to blame them (making an internal attribution.

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33
Q

What is the Actor-Observer Effect

A

When attributing behaviour onto other people we tend to make internal attributions and blame something in them but when looking at our own behaviour we make external attributions and blame our environment.

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34
Q

What is the Self-Serving Bias

A

The bias that we attribute success to something that is within us while attributing failure to other factors

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35
Q

What is an Attitude ?

A

An attitude is evaluation a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour.

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36
Q

What are the Components of an Attitude in the Tripartite Model?

A

Affective, the emotions and feelings associated with the object.
Cognitive, the thoughts and beliefs associated with the object.
Behavioural, the past behaviours and future intentions associated with the object .

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37
Q

What is the Tripartite Model of Attitudes?

A

The theory that attitudes are built up of three components, affective, cognitive and behavioural, averaged out.

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38
Q

What is the Theory of Reasoned Action

A

Behaviour is determined by three variables, attitudes, the subjective norm (our beliefs around how significant others would view the action) and the behavioural intention (our willingness to undertake the behaviour.

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39
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour

A

It is an extension of the theory of reasoned action, it added the factor of Percieved Control, which is an individual’s belief they are able to perform the action.

40
Q

What is the MODE Model

A

The theory that attitudes that some attitudes require rational thought and consideration where as others the attribution is based on how quickly and easily the attitude comes to mind.

41
Q

What are Explicit Measures and what types are there

A

Directly asking people their attitudes and thoughts

42
Q

What are the two ways to measure attitudes?

A

Explicit measures and implicit measures.

43
Q

What are Implicit measures

A

Reaction time tasks and Implicit association tests, their unconscious attitudes.

44
Q

What is the Implicit association test?

A

A means of testing an individual’s reaction speed for associating a group with positive or negative stimuli.

45
Q

What are the issues with measuring attitudes with explicit testing.

A

Social desirability (question answerers may not want to share negative opinions.

46
Q

what are the approaches to studying biological psychology

A 
Physiological psychology
Psychopharmacology
Neuropsychology
psychophysiology
cognitive neuroscience
Comparative psychology
47
Q

What is biological psychology

A

The scientific study of the biology of behaviour

e.g., what physiological, evolutionary and developmental mechanisms influence our behaviour

48
Q

What is Physiological Psychology

A

Study of the neural mechanism through direct manipulation of the brains on non-humans in controlled experiments

49
Q

What is Psychopharmacology

A

The usage of drugs to manipulate neural mechanisms and observing the effects on behaviour

50
Q

What is Neuropsychology

A

The study of the psychological effects of brain damage in human subjects

51
Q

What is Psychophysiology

A

The study of the relationship between physiological activity and psychological processes

52
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The study of neural mechanisms involved in higher cognitive functions such as memory and perception,

53
Q

What is Comparative Psychology

A

The study of behaviours across different species in relation to the role of evolution, genetics and adaptiveness.

54
Q

What are the problems with correlations within Biological Psychology?

A

Correlation != causation

The same behaviours may occur for different reasons

Physiological systems do not work in isolation so drawing conclusions from one is trickty

55
Q

What is determinism and reductionism in biological psychology?

A

Determinism is the belief we can identify physical causes for all observed behaviours, and reductionism is this taken to the extreme where call behaviours can be reduced to physical activity

56
Q

What are the problems of reductionism in biological psychology?

A

Working bottom up from physical activity can’t be used to explain the complexities of human behaviour.

57
Q

What is the mind/body problem?

A

The mind–body problem is a debate concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind, and the brain as part of the physical body.

58
Q

What are the 2 school’s of thought on the Mind-Body Problem?

A

Dualism, the mind and body are seperate

Monism, the mind and body are a singularity and the mind is the product of complex neurological activity.

59
Q

What are the Components of DNA (A, T, C, G)?

A

DNA is build up from phosphate, sugar and a base (Adenine, Thymine, Cystosine, Guanine), When these pair you get proteins

60
Q

What is the Role of Dna

A

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce

61
Q

What is a Punnet Square

A

The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment

62
Q

What is heritability and an example of this

A

Heritability is the degree to which differences in a characteristic is due to genetic differences, these take a value between 0 - 1, eye colour has a heritability of 1 because environment plays no role.

63
Q

What is the role of genetics in the development of diseases?

A

Biological Males are more likely to have genetic defects that don’t affect Biological females because male’s only get one series of sex-linked gene’s as opposed to two meaning recessive sex-linked genes are more likely to manifest.

64
Q

What does heterozygous and homozygous mean in genetics.

A

Homozygous means a pairing of 2 identical trait genes

Heterozygous means a pairing of 2 different gene types

65
Q

What is the Base-Pair Rule

A

The base pair rule is that only certain bases within DNA can pair with other’s

66
Q

What are the methods in behavioural genetics to test heritability.

A

Artificial Selection - specifically breeding so traits you want to test are passed down

Family Studies - Taking a specific family member and comparing their behaviours with people of differing genetic relatedness. Some studies have compared identical with non identical twins.

Monozygotic (Identical) twins should show concordance in their behaviours.

67
Q

What are the key elements of a neuron

A

The Soma, dendrites, axon and pre-synaptic terminals.

68
Q

What are the main support cells of the CNS?

A

Glia, Glial Cells and microglia.

69
Q

What are the components of the action potential

A

Resting potential (-70mV), depolarisation (+50mV), Repolarisation and hyperpolarisation (-90mV)

70
Q

What is the Soma of a neuron?

A

The soma contains the cell’s nucleus, it’s bulk is made of cytoplasm.

71
Q

What is the plasma membrane in a Neuron

A

The structure that separates the cell from the outside.

72
Q

The Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are inside the Cytoplasm, what do they do?

A

The Endoplasmic reticulum: stores and transports chemicals, it’s rough structures are involved in protein synthesis and the smooth produce lipids.

The Golgi apparatus is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that produces small packages that are used to transport chemicals.

73
Q

What is the structure and functions of the dendrites in Neuron’s

A

Information is received at the dendrites from other neuron’s via synapses that cover the surface of the dendrite’s outgrowths called dendritic spines increase surface area.

74
Q

What is the structure and function of Axon’s within Neurons?

A

All information is sent along the axon, it is covered in a myelin sheath and is broken up by nodes of ranvier.

75
Q

What are Afferent and Efferent axons?

A

Afferent axon’s send information in to the central nervous system where as efferent send information out of the nervous system.

76
Q

What is the function of pre-synaptic terminals in the neuron?

A

Pre-synaptic terminals secrete neurotransmitters which either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic receptors on dendrites of another neuron.

77
Q

What are Astrocytes, Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes.

A

Astrocytes help synchronise brain activity, schwann cells help neuron growth and build myelin sheaths in peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes build myelin sheaths in the brain and CNS

78
Q

What is the resting potential of an inactive Axon?

A

-70mV

79
Q

What is the cause of the resting potential in inactive axons?

A

Resting potential is caused by differing concentrations of ions inside and outside the cells, there is more sodium outside of the cell leaving more potassium inside the cell.

80
Q

What is the Axon Membrane?

A

The axon membrane is a selectively permeable structure to potassium and sodium.

While at rest potassium and sodium diffuse slowly through ion channels in the axon membrane.

81
Q

What is polarisation and why is it essential to neuron function?

A

The neuron being polarised means that there is a difference in electrical charge inside and outside the neuron, this is essential as it means the neuron is ready to fire when it receives an impulse.

82
Q

What is the All or Nothing Rule in Action Potential?

A

Neurons have different thresholds of excitation but once threshold is reached an action potential is triggered.

83
Q

In Action potential what are the Absolute refractory period and relative refractory period?

A

The absolute refractory period is the period where after action potential has been reached the sodium channels remain closed meaning no stimulus can excite the neuron no matter how strong

The relative refractory period is a period where sodium channels open but potassium are closed, an extremely strong stimulus may excite the neuron.

84
Q

Which is faster, myelinated axons or myelinated?

A

Myelinated

85
Q

How does action potential move in an unmyelinated axon?

A

Each point of the axon membrane generates the action potential in sequence, this means that action potential passes down like a wave.

86
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons?

A

Ions cannot enter or leave the axon in myelinated areas so the action potential jumps between unmyelinated areas (nodes of ranvier)

87
Q

What are the advantages of Saltatory Conduction

A

Energy Saving

Speed

88
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other

A

Neuron’s communicate with each with each other through an electrical - chemical - electrical process, the action potential causes neurotransmitter’s to travel to the next neuron which can cause the next neuron to produce an action potential.

89
Q

What are the two types of messages sent across synapses?

A

An excitatory message, Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

An inhibitory message, Inhibitory Posy Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

90
Q

What is EPSP and what does it do in Neural communication?

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential, it causes sodium ions to enter the neuron causing depolarisation continuing the action potential.

91
Q

What is IPSP and what does it do in Neural communication?

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential, it causes potassium ions to exit the next neuron causing hyperpolarisation and slowing the action potential.

92
Q

What is a Reflex arc?

A

A reflex arc in an involuntary response to stimulus, ex, muscle flexing to move away from painful stimulus.

93
Q

Which is faster and why, a reflex arc or an axon?

A

An axon is faster because reflex arcs have more synapses to go through to send the signal.

94
Q

What is Temporal Summation?

A

Temporal Summation is when several EPSP’s from one neuron occur close to one another to combine and trigger an action potential.

95
Q

What is Spacial Summation?

A

Spacial summation is when several stimuli in an area trigger an action potential when a single stimuli wouldn’t have been sufficient.

96
Q

What is the Rate Law in Action Potential?

A

The strength of a stimulus affects the rate of firing which can cause sensory experience and responses to be comparatively weak or intense.

Intro to Psychology (1 decks)

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