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intro to psych Flashcards

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1
Q

natural experiment

A

the study of a naturally occurring situation in the real world

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2
Q

field experiment

A

a study that is conducted outside the laboratory in a “real world” setting

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3
Q

quasi experiment

A

the researcher manipulates an IV but does not randomly assign participants to conditions

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4
Q

true experiment

A

a study in which participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group and a control group

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5
Q

lab experiment

A

a research method by which researchers create controllable environments to test hypotheses

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6
Q

correlational studies

A

researcher measures 2 or more variables without manipulating an independent variable and with little to no attempt to control variables

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7
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that many influence or bias participants behavior

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8
Q

random allocation to conditions

A

a method controlling extraneous variables across conditions by using a random process to decide which participants will be in which conditions

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9
Q

standardized procedure

A

policies and protocols formulated by organized health care systems for the performance of standardized procedure functions

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10
Q

controlled variables

A

variables that researchers seek to keep constant when conducting research

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11
Q

dependent variable

A

variable that is measured and hypothesized to be the effect of the IV

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12
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated by the researcher

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13
Q

reactivity

A

when participants change their behavior due to their awareness of being observed

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14
Q

expectancy effect

A

when researchers expectations about the findings of the research are inadvertently communicated to participants and influence their responses

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15
Q

counterbalanced

A

a technique used to deal w/ order effects when using a repeated measures design. the sample is divided in half w/ one half completing the 2 conditions in one order and the other half completing the conditions in the reverse order

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16
Q

standardized

A

the process for establishing norms for a test

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17
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

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18
Q

quantitative data

A

the value of data in the form of counts or numbers where each data set has an unique numerical value associated with it. used for statistical analysis

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19
Q

haphazard sampling

A

a biased form of sampling and should be avoided. where tester picks there own participants

20
Q

snowball sampling

A

participants recruit other participants for a study

21
Q

stratified sampling

A

method of probability sampling in which the population is divided into different sub groups or “strata” and then a random sample is taken from each “stratum”

22
Q

self selected sampling

A

participants choose to become part of a study because they volunteer by responding to a request to take part in study

23
Q

random sampling

A

participants from a larger potential group of eligible individuals such that each person has the same fixed probability of being included in sample

24
Q

opportunity sampling

A

participants are selected based on naturally occuring groups or participants who are easily available

25
Q

ethical considerations

A

1) informed consent
2) protect from harm
3) anon/confidential
4) deception
5) right to withdraw
6) debriefing

26
Q

null hypothesis

A

when there is no significant change in data from experiment

27
Q

true experiment

A

when DV affects IV in experiment

28
Q

study outline

A

aim, procedure, results, implications

29
Q

methodological considerations

A

consider how research was actually done and consider strengths/limitations of the research method as well as the procedure

30
Q

triangulation

A

when data is gathered from multiple sources, more than one research method is used, when several researchers carry out the study. This increases reliability, credibility,

31
Q

bidirectional ambiguity

A

This exists in correlational studies where the direction of the correlation is unknown.

32
Q

ethic approach

A

An ethical approach to a situation seeks to define what is good (or right) and what is bad (or wrong). … In psychology, the ethical guidelines are used in order to ensure research participants or those in therapy do not face any negative consequences from their participation.

33
Q

construct validity

A

Construct validity is “the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring.”

34
Q

what is teacup

A

testable, empirical support, application, clearly defined variables, unbiased, predicts behavior

35
Q

what are 3 designs of experiments

A

a within subjects design (repeated), between subjects design (independent), matched pairs design

36
Q

repeated measures design

A

have one sample of participants randomly allocated to one condition of the experiment

37
Q

independent samples design

A

the sample is randomly allocated to one condition of the experiment

38
Q

what r different types of qualitative data?

A

observation, interview, focus group, case study

39
Q

observation

A

the focus of the research is on how people interact in a natural setting

40
Q

naturalistic ob

A

carried out in real life setting that have not been arranged

41
Q

overt/covert ob

A

occurs when participants are aware of the fact that they are being observed, covert is opp.

42
Q

participant/non participant ob

A

observer becomes part of the observed group, non is opp.

43
Q

structured/unstructured ob

A

info is recorded systematically and in standardized way, un is opp.

44
Q

interview

A

way to get insights into participants subjective experiences

structured - fixed list of questions in a specific order
semi- no order of questions
un- participant driven

45
Q

focus group

A

a special type of semi structured interview that is conducted simultaneously w/ a small group of people, participants interact w each other

46
Q

case studies

A

an in depth investigation of an individual or group, involves multiple methods and a long time to occur

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