Intro to Prokaryotes

Question 1

Bacteria are___________organisms classified as ___________.

Answer 1

Unicellular, prokaryotes

Question 2

Bacteria lack a _______ ________, ________, ____________/ __________, ___________ _________ and _____ ______

Answer 2

Nuclear membrane, lysosome, mitochondria/ chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body.

Question 3

Bacteria absence of _________ _________ ____ __________ differentiate them from Eukaryotes.

Answer 3

Preceding bacterial cell structures

Question 4

What domain other than Bacteria does the group Prokaryotes include?

Answer 4

Archaea

Question 5

Pathogenic Bacterias cause _______ in __________ hosts.

Answer 5

Disease, eukaryotic

Question 6

A ribosome is a ________ _________ that synthesizes ________ via ____ ___________ from _____ _____

Answer 6

cellular organelle, proteins, mRNA translation, amino acids

Question 7

Chromosomal DNA is the _______ ________ of cellular organisms that contains _____ and __________ ________

Answer 7

genetic material, genes, regulatory elements

Question 8

Extrachromosomal circular DNA is a _______ ________ of _______________ _______ ________ that exists independently of ___________ ___

Answer 8

plasmid molecule, double-stranded genetic material, chromosomal DNA

Question 9

Most commonly found in _____________ bacteria. Plasmids are _________ _________ of ___ in the _________ containing genetic information related to ____________, _________ and __________ __________ functions.

Answer 9

gram-negative, circular molecules, DNA, cytoplasm, reproductive, metabolic, antibiotic resistance

Question 10

Prokaryotic cells lack _________ for energy production. Instead, they carry out ________ _________ and ___ synthesis in their cell membrane, using the ___ _________ for protein synthesis in the _________

Answer 10

Mitochondria, electron transport, ATP, 70s ribosomes, cytoplasm

Question 11

Peptidoglycan is a molecule that contains ______ linked together by _______ chains.

Answer 11

Peptidoglycan is a molecule that contains glycan linked together by peptido chains.

Question 12

Archaean cell walls do not have ______________. Instead, there are 4 different types of archaean cell walls: ___________________, _______________, _____________ and _______.

Answer 12

Archaean cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Instead, there are 4 different types of archaean cell walls: pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and protein.

Question 13

Gram negative bacteria stain ____ due to their ____ _____________ ____ ____(~__ of cell wall composition) and their outer membrane composed of ___________________ and ____________.

Answer 13

Gram negative bacteria stain pink due to their thin peptidoglycan wall (~10% of cell wall composition) and their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.

Question 14

Gram-positive bacteria stain ____ due to their _______ cell wall composed of ~__ peptidoglycans. The rest is mainly composed of ________ _____ and are __________ _____ to ______ to form ____________ ____. ____________ ____ anchors the cell wall to the ____ ________.

Answer 14

Gram-positive bacteria stain blue due to their thicker cell wall composed of ~90% peptidoglycans. The rest is mainly composed of teichoic acids and are covalently bound to lipids to form lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acids anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane.

Question 15

What proteins in the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria allow substances to pass through?

Answer 15

Porins

Question 16

____ are subsets in taxonomy. In increasing order of specificity, bacteria are classified by their ______, _______, ________ (or ______ for eukaryotes), _____, _____, ______, _____, _______, and __________/ ____. A __________/ ____ may be further categorized into _________ or ________ if a population shares _____, ________, and ________ _______________.

Answer 16

Taxa are subsets in taxonomy. In increasing order of specificity, bacteria are classified by their domain, kingdom, division (or phylum for eukaryotes), class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies/ strains. Subspecies/ strains may be further categorized into serotypes or biotypes if a population shares minor, distinct, and specific characteristics.

Question 17

If Staphylococcus is the genus, the _______ aureus is the _______.

Answer 17

If Staphylococcus is the genus, the epithet aureus is the species.

Question 18

The suffix -_____ indicated the family of the bacteria.

Answer 18

The suffix -aceae indicated the family of the bacteria.

Question 19

The genus Staphylococcus can be abbreviated as __ (singular) or ___ (plural) when the _______ is not specified.

Answer 19

The genus Staphylococcus can be abbreviated as sp (singular) or spp (plural) when the species is not specified.

Question 20

Species are divided into subspecies (abbr. “_____.”), based on __________ differences, _____________ (abbr. “_______.”) on the basis of _________ differences, or ____________ (abbr. “______.”) on the basis of ___________ test results differences.

Answer 20

Species are divided into subspecies (abbr. “subsp.”), based on phenotypic differences, serovarieties (abbr. “serovar.”) on the basis of antigenic differences, or biovarieties (abbr. “biovar.”) on the basis of of biochemical test results differences.

Question 21

_____ typing (based on bacterial susceptibility to a specific _____________) can also be used to type species of bacteria.

Answer 21

Phage typing (based on bacterial susceptibility to a specific bacteriophage) can also be used to type species of bacteria.

Question 22

Recently, ___ and ___ analysis has been used for taxonomic purposes to ________ the _____ of different organisms and in some cases prompted the _________________ of some bacteria.

Answer 22

Recently, DNA and RNA analysis has been used for taxonomic purposes to sequence the genes of different organisms and in some cases prompted the reclassification of some bacteria.

Question 23

Due to their cell wall and enzymes Archeans are often _____________, meaning they can tolerate _______ environmental conditions. They can be salt loving (__________), heat loving (____________) or methane producing (___________).

Answer 23

Due to their cell wall and enzymes Archeans are often extremophiles, meaning they can tolerate extreme environmental conditions. They can be salt loving (halophiles), heat loving (thermophiles) or methane producing (methanogens).

Question 24

Can Archea be gram-negative/ gram-positive?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

A bacteria genome consists of a ______ ________ __________. This appears as a _______ ________ or _________ ____ attached to a ________.

Answer 25

A bacteria genome consists of a single circular chromosome. This appears as a diffuse nucleoid or chromatin body attached to a mesosome.

Question 26

A bacteria genome consists of a ______ ________ __________. This appears as a _______ ________ or _________ ____ attached to a ________.

Answer 26

A bacteria genome consists of a single circular chromosome. This appears as a diffuse nucleoid or chromatin body attached to a mesosome.

Question 27

Bacterial _________, consisting of ___ and ________ are found free in the cytoplasm and attached to the ___________ ________.

Answer 27

Bacterial ribosomes, consisting of RNA and proteins are found free in the cytoplasm and attached to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Question 28

Bacterial ribosomes are ___ in ____, composed of ___ and ___ ________. In contrast, eukaryotic ribosomes are ___ in ____, composed of ___ and ___ ________.

Answer 28

Bacterial ribosomes are 70S in size, composed of 50S and 30S subunits. In contrast, eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S in size, composed of 60S and 40S subunits.

Question 29

Some bacteria contain _____________ ________. They serve as ______ ________ and are composed of _______________ (ex. ________), lipids (ex. _________________) or ______________. Their structure can be visualized with the help of a _________ ____ stain.

Answer 29

Some bacteria contain metachromatic granules. They serve as energy deposits and are composed of polysaccharides (ex. glycogen), lipids (ex. B-hydroxybutyrate) or polyphosphates. Their structure can be visualized with the help of a methylene blue stain.

Question 30

Certain genera produce __________ in response to _____ _____________ conditions. __________ are small, _______, _______ ______ that develop inside the _________ ____ as a means of survival. Their _____ _______ ____ makes them resistant to _________, ___________ _______, __________, ___________/___________, __ _____ and ________ _________. It can later _________ when the conditions are _________.

Answer 30

Certain genera produce endospores in response to harsh environmental conditions. Endospores are small, dormant, asexual spores that develop inside the bacterial cell as a means of survival. Their thick protein coat makes them resistant to chemicals, temperature changes, starvation, dehydration/desiccation, UV light and ionizing radiation. It can later germinate when the conditions are favorable.

Question 31

Which stain is most commonly used for endospore staining?

Answer 31

The Schaeffer-Fulton stain

Question 32

Which stain is most commonly used for endospore staining?

Answer 32

The Schaeffer-Fulton stain

Question 33

The location of a bacterium endospore can be ________, _______ or ___________.
Meaning at ___ ___, in the ______ or __ _______. The spore can either be _____ or ____.

Answer 33

The location of a bacterium endospore can be terminal, central or subterminal.
Meaning at one end, in the center or in between. The spore can either be round or oval.