Intro to Prokaryotes Flashcards
Bacteria are___________organisms classified as ___________.
Unicellular, prokaryotes
Bacteria lack a _______ ________, ________, ____________/ __________, ___________ _________ and _____ ______
Nuclear membrane, lysosome, mitochondria/ chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body.
Bacteria absence of _________ _________ ____ __________ differentiate them from Eukaryotes.
Preceding bacterial cell structures
What domain other than Bacteria does the group Prokaryotes include?
Archaea
Pathogenic Bacterias cause _______ in __________ hosts.
Disease, eukaryotic
A ribosome is a ________ _________ that synthesizes ________ via ____ ___________ from _____ _____
cellular organelle, proteins, mRNA translation, amino acids
Chromosomal DNA is the _______ ________ of cellular organisms that contains _____ and __________ ________
genetic material, genes, regulatory elements
Extrachromosomal circular DNA is a _______ ________ of _______________ _______ ________ that exists independently of ___________ ___
plasmid molecule, double-stranded genetic material, chromosomal DNA
Most commonly found in _____________ bacteria. Plasmids are _________ _________ of ___ in the _________ containing genetic information related to ____________, _________ and __________ __________ functions.
gram-negative, circular molecules, DNA, cytoplasm, reproductive, metabolic, antibiotic resistance
Prokaryotic cells lack _________ for energy production. Instead, they carry out ________ _________ and ___ synthesis in their cell membrane, using the ___ _________ for protein synthesis in the _________
Mitochondria, electron transport, ATP, 70s ribosomes, cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan is a molecule that contains ______ linked together by _______ chains.
Peptidoglycan is a molecule that contains glycan linked together by peptido chains.
Archaean cell walls do not have ______________. Instead, there are 4 different types of archaean cell walls: ___________________, _______________, _____________ and _______.
Archaean cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Instead, there are 4 different types of archaean cell walls: pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and protein.
Gram negative bacteria stain ____ due to their ____ _____________ ____ ____(~__ of cell wall composition) and their outer membrane composed of ___________________ and ____________.
Gram negative bacteria stain pink due to their thin peptidoglycan wall (~10% of cell wall composition) and their outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.
Gram-positive bacteria stain ____ due to their _______ cell wall composed of ~__ peptidoglycans. The rest is mainly composed of ________ _____ and are __________ _____ to ______ to form ____________ ____. ____________ ____ anchors the cell wall to the ____ ________.
Gram-positive bacteria stain blue due to their thicker cell wall composed of ~90% peptidoglycans. The rest is mainly composed of teichoic acids and are covalently bound to lipids to form lipoteichoic acid. Lipoteichoic acids anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane.
What proteins in the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria allow substances to pass through?
Porins
____ are subsets in taxonomy. In increasing order of specificity, bacteria are classified by their ______, _______, ________ (or ______ for eukaryotes), _____, _____, ______, _____, _______, and __________/ ____. A __________/ ____ may be further categorized into _________ or ________ if a population shares _____, ________, and ________ _______________.
Taxa are subsets in taxonomy. In increasing order of specificity, bacteria are classified by their domain, kingdom, division (or phylum for eukaryotes), class, order, family, genus, species, and subspecies/ strains. Subspecies/ strains may be further categorized into serotypes or biotypes if a population shares minor, distinct, and specific characteristics.
If Staphylococcus is the genus, the _______ aureus is the _______.
If Staphylococcus is the genus, the epithet aureus is the species.
The suffix -_____ indicated the family of the bacteria.
The suffix -aceae indicated the family of the bacteria.
The genus Staphylococcus can be abbreviated as __ (singular) or ___ (plural) when the _______ is not specified.
The genus Staphylococcus can be abbreviated as sp (singular) or spp (plural) when the species is not specified.
Species are divided into subspecies (abbr. “_____.”), based on __________ differences, _____________ (abbr. “_______.”) on the basis of _________ differences, or ____________ (abbr. “______.”) on the basis of ___________ test results differences.
Species are divided into subspecies (abbr. “subsp.”), based on phenotypic differences, serovarieties (abbr. “serovar.”) on the basis of antigenic differences, or biovarieties (abbr. “biovar.”) on the basis of of biochemical test results differences.
_____ typing (based on bacterial susceptibility to a specific _____________) can also be used to type species of bacteria.
Phage typing (based on bacterial susceptibility to a specific bacteriophage) can also be used to type species of bacteria.
Recently, ___ and ___ analysis has been used for taxonomic purposes to ________ the _____ of different organisms and in some cases prompted the _________________ of some bacteria.
Recently, DNA and RNA analysis has been used for taxonomic purposes to sequence the genes of different organisms and in some cases prompted the reclassification of some bacteria.
Due to their cell wall and enzymes Archeans are often _____________, meaning they can tolerate _______ environmental conditions. They can be salt loving (__________), heat loving (____________) or methane producing (___________).
Due to their cell wall and enzymes Archeans are often extremophiles, meaning they can tolerate extreme environmental conditions. They can be salt loving (halophiles), heat loving (thermophiles) or methane producing (methanogens).
Can Archea be gram-negative/ gram-positive?
Yes
