Intro To Population Science Flashcards
Cause and consequence
Cause looks at the:
Demography - study of size and shape of populations
Epidemiology - study of disease in populations
Statistics - study of data in numerical form
Consequence looks at:
Public health
Health promotion
Disease prevention
Epidemiology - a definition
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related sites or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems
Demographic transition model for populations
Stage 1 - natural increase and decrease of populations (so Birth rate and death rate) compete with each other, both at high rates, so the population doesn’t really increase e.g. Ethiopia
Stage 2 - Death rate massively drops compared to birth rate so the total population starts to increase rapidly e.g. Kenya
Stage 3 - Birth rate and death rate both drop but birth rate is still way above death rate so the population still increases e.g. Brazil, China
Stage 4 - Birth rate and death rate and V low in comparison to stage 1, but now close to each other so population growth plateaus e.g. UK
Too many polluters - ideas behind developing countries Pam and income distribution
People believe that because populations around the world are increasing it means our carbon emissions are increasing, so if we curb our global population increase then carbon emissions should also not increase
However when we look at the distribution of pollution for each country we see that, people who use up most of the emissions in a year (~ 49%) are in the top 10% of the wealthiest people in the world
Top countries for pollution (carbon emissions) are US and Australia
Consequence of increase temperature due to global warming
Sea level rise Crop yield decrease Species loss for both plants and vertebrae Decline in coral reefs Artic ocean free of ice in the summer
Implications for health with climate change
Air pollutions leading to asthma, COPD etc
Extreme heat in some places leading to CV failure
Severe weather - already seeing more weather warnings, which can lead to injures and death
Environmental degredation - could lead to forced migration, civil conflict, loss of jobs
Water and food supply impacts - malnutrition and water contamination leading to disease (e.g. cholera)
Populations pyramids
Graph that shows amount of people in the world and the age at which these people are
The graph forms a pyramid shape
Can do one for each country to potentially see issues that may occur with each countries individual population
Population pyramids for poor countries
High birth rate - young people having lots of babies - bottom of pyramid is very wide
However lots of babies die - due to high levels of mortality so life expectancy is fairly low
Population on the rise due to the high birth rate
Virtually no people alive above 60
Population pyramid of developing countries
Life expectancy still quite low - so don’t see large proportion of the population in the 70+ percentiles
But more people are living to their 40’s
Still have a good birth rate, but life expectancy still isn’t high
Still looks vaguely like a pyramid
Population pyramid of development “rich” countries
The graph is not pyramid like
Population has stabilised and in some countries is slowly decreasing
This is due to fertility rate dropping to 1.4 babies per woman (more woman in work therefore focused on their career)
However this means that there are more people who are aging therefore putting pressure on the system - a system that needs to be paid for
Therefore we are starting to see that economically active people in the population don’t have the time to provide for the older generation (1 person may be having to care for their parents and their parent’s parents) - currently being seen in japan
Population health affected by
Demographic shape e.g. age-sex proportions (population pyramids)
Economic composition e.g. wealth distribution
Behavioural and lifestyle factors e.g. diet and exercise
Global warming?
Burden of disease/aging/disability depends on
Population size
Population shape
Age-sex specific rates
