Intro to Population Health Flashcards
What are the major issues we are currently facing in healthcare?
- payment/affordability
- accessibility
- HC provider shortages
- burnout
- miscommunication
- misinformation
- quality of HC
Broad Definition of Population Health
why are some people healthy and others not
Detailed Definition of Population Health
the health outcomes of a GROUP of individuals, including the distribution of outcomes within a group
- analyzes patterns of determinants
- outcomes & quality
- direct policy and research agendas
Who holds responsibility for health improvement?
no one in the public or private sector currently has responsibility for overall health improvement
- goals must be set
- outcomes need to be measured
- quality needs to be assessed
Overall health could be quite high if the majority of the population is relatively health - even though a minority of the population is less healthy
Overall health could be quite high if the majority of the population is relatively health - even though a minority of the population is less healthy
Examples of Patients in Population Health
age
race
urban vs rural
employees
level of health literacy
Interventions across care continuum
WATCH
Population Health Goals
- set targets for overall population
- maintain and improve health of entire population
- eliminate or reduce deficiencies and disparities between subgroups
Health Services by Family Income
- the poor and near poor income populations had 0% of their targets that were met or exceeded
- as you increase in income, you increase in the number of targets med/exceeded
- as you increase in income, you increase in number of targets met/exceeded but you also increase number of targets that got worse
Results: our HC system is better or targeted for higher income populations
How many objectives does Healthy People 2030 contain?
355
Healthy People 2030 Objectives
- health conditions
- health behaviors
- populations
- settings and systems
- SDOH
Social Determinants of Health
- economic stability
- education access and quality
- health care access and quality
- neighborhood and built environment
- social and community context
What types of groups care about population health and why?
Health outcomes are of relevance to policy makers and payers in both the public and private sectors
Why?
- cost
- productivity (healthier, more productive)
Types of Groups in Healthy People 2030
adolescents/children/infants
older adults
LGBTQ
men/women
patients & caregivers
disabilities
workforce
Lessons Learned from COVID-19
- impact on the overall population of a pandemic
- key groups identified that had negative outcomes or were impacted the most
- impact of using resources efficiently during a pandemic
- REVEALED PUBLIC HEALTH DEFICIENCIES
Definition of Health
defined not simple as a state of being free from disease but as “the capacity of people to adapt to, respond to, and control life’s challenges and changes”
WE HAVE STARTED SHIFTING OUR FOCUS TO SDOH
Common View of Healthcare
Patient and a Provider
- places patient first
Common View of Population Health
overall population and large sum of people
Potential Conflict of Individual vs Common Good
- the self interest of the individual may be different than that of the common good
- payers denying certain types of therapy for individual patients because they do not align with the overall population –> PAs
What makes examining population health possible?
DATA
Types of Healthcare Data Important to Population Health
CLAIMS DATA
- easy to obtain; standardized; diagnosis codes
Electronic Health Record (inpatient and outpatient info)
- clinical clues; ease of grouping patients
Socioeconomic (easier with social media)
- not frequently linked to EHR
Patient-Generated
- satisfaction surveys; patient reported outcomes
Prescription and Medication Adherence
- EHR and claims data
Examples of Population Health Outcomes
- Life Expectancy (major players are diet and sanitation)
- Mortality (infant & maternal)
- Premature Death
cost
access
quality of life indicators
quality of care indicators
unhealthy days
% reporting fair/poor health
% reporting mentally unhealhy
What country has the lowest life expectancy and why?
Africa; caused by a 3rd world country with poor sanitation and diet
United States was relatively good; Canada had the highest life expectancy
US Rank in Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality, and Maternal Mortality
Rank: 45th
Life Expectancy: 77
Infant Mortality: 5.8
Maternal Mortality: 10
What two things caused a decrease in life expectancy in 2020?
COVID-19
Opioid overdoses
Do males or females have a higher life expectancy?
Females
Top 5 Causes of Death in 2020
Heart Disease
Cancer
COVID-19
Unintentional injuries
Stroke
Leading cause of death in children aged 1-19?
Firearms
- second were motor vehicles and other injuries
NOT NORMALLY KILLED BY DISEASES OR HEALTH
Population Health Conceptual Framework
- policy makers often look at a single sector for a short time period
- patient advocate groups look at specific diseases
- NO ONE LOOKS AT OVERALL HEALTH IMPROVEMENT
Why?
- only applying a short term focus and commitment when the majority of population health measures are long term problems
Opioid Crisis
- highest rates in KY, OH, WV, PA, DE, MD, CT, RI, MA, NH
- highest rates with synthetic opioids other than methadone
- highest rates in 35-44 (middle age)
Population vs Public Health
Public Health is the critical functions of state and local public health departments such as:
- preventing epidemics
- containing environmental hazards
- encouraging heathly behaviors
MORE TARGETED TO LOW TO NOW RISK PATIENTS
major population health determinants like health care, education, and income remain outside of public health authority and responsibility
current resources provide inadequate support for traditional and emerging public health functions
How Indiana compares to US
Indiana is much lower in most categories
