intro to pop+environ , Malaria case study, CHD case study Flashcards
define health
It is the physical, mental and social well-being , not just the presence of disease
what % of the world’s deaths are caused by heart disease?
16%
How many deaths were as a result of heart disease in 2019?
8.9 million
Give 4 social factors impacting health
-deprivation levels
-antibiotics/vaccines
-education
-aid programmes
Give 4 economic factors impacting health
-technology; improved health care, medicine and water access
-transport infrastructure
-improvement to infrastructure; water treatment plants
-improved trade relationship
What is a epidemiological transition model (ETM)?
-created by Omran (1971)
-shows infectious diseases to chronic degenerative diseases
What are the 4 physical impacts of the environment on health?
-climate
-topography
-air quality
-water quality
How does climate impact health?
-SAD (seasonal affective disorder)- due to weather
-flooding = sewage outflow which runs into water systems- due to weather
-food security and natural hazards-due to temp
How does topography impact health?
-major rivers have a high pop density
-high pop = displacement of larger settlements if extreme flooding occurs
- flat land = fertile soil but seasonal flooding
How does air quality impact health?
air pollutants causes cardiovascular and respiratory systems (4 million premature deaths)
How does water quality impact health?
-2 million deaths annually due to unsafe water (WHO
- water aid: 8 million without water (2015)
-500,000 children die annually from diarrhoea
-MDGs: improved water safety plans- 2018, 60% decrease in cholera cases
-2.6 billion access to clean drinking water (1990)
Is Malaria as CD or non-CD?
-Communicable disease (CD)
How many people have died as a result of Malaria in 2015?
430,000 deaths (2015)
How many countries in 2018 were affected by Malaria transmission?
91 countries; Uganda, Nigeria and Mozambique
Give 4 physical factors that impact Malaria
-coastal areas are low lying and high humidity so optimum conditions for mosquitoes to breed
-Mosquitos require 16 oc-32oc
-‘rainy seasons’ = higher rate of mosquitos
-mosquitos breed in stagnant water
Give 4 socio-economic factors that impact Malaria
-lack of investment in drugs and vaccines
-overcrowded sleeping quarters (high infant mortality)
-poor sanitation; open sewers, rubbish and outflows
-primary industry workers are at higher risk due to working near irrigation
Name 5 treatment methods of Malaria
-mosquito nets
-educate people
-vaccines
-swift diagnosis
-insecticides
What are some of the issues with treatment methods?
-expensive to produce
-nets = cheap for consumer
-lack of accessibility = transport and unequal distribution
What do the WHO hope to achieve in terms of prevention by 2030?
-reduce Malaria by 40% (2020) & 90% (2030)
Name 2 other prevention stakeholders of Malaria
-NGOs = £1 billion per year
-Gates Foundation (alongside uk govt) = pledged $3bn
What are the impacts of Malaria on the individual?
-not being able to work (losing income)
-mental health problems
What are the regional impacts of Malaria?
-loss of money for economy
-strain on services; healthcare
-less money for development
-cost of drugs ( 40% of public health costs go into Malaria)
Is coronary heart disease (CHD) a CD or a non-CD?
Non- communicable disease (Non-CD)
Define CHD
it is a build up of fatty substances in the arteries (cholesterol)
How many people die of CHD annually?
9.5 million deaths
How many risk factors are there for CHD?
over 300 risk factors
symptoms of CHD
-shortness of breath
-heart attacks
-sweating
-fatigue
-Angina (chest pain)
Name 4 physical factors influencing CHD
-fertile land to grow food
-air quality
-climate = extreme temps = extra stress on body
-Relief/ topography
Name 4 socio-economic factors influencing CHD
-availability of processed foods
-men more at risk of women
-social deprivation; n/s divide , more people diagnosed up north (138 per 100,000) compared to south (39 per 100,000)
-smoking = tobacco lowers good cholesterol + causes ‘sticky’ blood
