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Sensation And Perception > Intro To Physiology Of Perception > Flashcards

Intro To Physiology Of Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What did Aristotle state?

A

The heart was at the seat of the mind and soul

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2
Q

What was Galen’s pov?

A

He saw human health, thoughts, and emotions as being determined by four different spirits flowing from the ventricles

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3
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cavities in the center of the brain

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4
Q

Rene Descartes accepted the flowing spirits but specified what?

A

The pineal gland as the seat of the soul

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5
Q

What did Thomas Willis conclude?

A

The brain was responsible for mental functioning and different functions were located in different regions of the brain

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6
Q

Two opposing ideas about the nervous system

A

Reticular theory: nervous system consisted of a large network of fused nerve cells
Neuron theory: the nervous system consisted of distinct cells

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7
Q

What is staining?

A

Technique that caused nerve cells to become colored and stand out from tissue

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8
Q

Camille Golgi’s technique

A

Thin slice of brain tissues dipped into silver nitrate created pictures

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9
Q

Johannes Mueller proposed what?

A

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

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10
Q

What is the doctrine of specific nerve energies?

A

perceptions depend on “nerve energies” reaching the brain and that the specific quality we experience depends on which nerves are stimulated

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11
Q

Edgar Adrian did what

A

Recorder electrical signal from single sensory neurons

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12
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A 2mm outermost layer that covers the surface of the brain. It is responsible for perception, thinking, language, memory, reasoning, etc.

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13
Q

What is modular organization?

A

Specific functions are served by specific areas of the cortex

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14
Q

The senses are organized into primary receiving areas which are?

A

The first areas in the cerebral cortex to receive signals initiated by each sense’s receptors

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15
Q

What are the receiving areas for the occipital, frontal, parietal and temporal lobe?

A

Area for vision is in the occipital lobe, area for hearing in the parietal lobe, area for touch in the temporal lobe, and the frontal lobe receives signals for all senses.

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16
Q

List two purposes of neurons mentioned in this chapter

A
  1. They respond to stimuli and transduce the stimuli into electrical signals
  2. They communicate with other neurons
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17
Q

Describe the structure of neurons

A

The cell body contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive ; dendrites are tree like with branch endings that receive electrical signals from other neurons ; axons (aka fibers) have fluids that conduct electrical signals

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18
Q

Receptors are

A

Neurons that respond to environmental stimuli and are important for perception

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19
Q

What are nerves

A

They consist of the axons (or nerve fibers) of many neurons

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20
Q

__ are small shaft of glass or metal used to record signals from single neurons

A

Microelectrodes

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21
Q

When the nerve fiber is at rest what is the difference in potential? What is this known as

A

-70 mV; aka the resting potential because the neuron is 70mV negative compared to the outside

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22
Q

What happens when the neurons receptor is stimulated and a signal is transmitted down the axon?

A

The charge inside the neuron rises to +40 mV compared to the outside

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23
Q

When the signal passes the electrode what happens? What is the signal known as?

A

The fiber reverses course and starts becoming negative again. The signal is called the action potential.

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24
Q

Neurons are surrounded by which solution?

A

Ions, molecules that carry an electrical charge.

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25
Q

Describe the solution of a axon?

A

The outside of an axon is rich in (+) sodium ions & the inside is rich in (+) potassium ions

26
Q

What do Na+ and K+ ions do to cause an action potential?

A

Sodium flows into the cell and potassium flows out

27
Q

What property of a the cell membrane allows for sodium and potassium to flow?

A

A cell’s permeability, which refers to the ease in which a molecule can pass through the membrane

28
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Occurs when a membrane is highly permeable to one specific type of molecule

29
Q

What is a propagated response? (Hint: it’s an important property of an action potential)

A

Once the response is triggered it travels all the way down the axon without decreasing in size

30
Q

What is another property of an action potential? (Has to do with size?)

A

The size stay the same no matter how intense the stimuli is

31
Q

What does changing the stimulus of the action potential affect?

A

The rate of firing

32
Q

Why does the upper limit occur?

A

The upper limit happens because of the refractory period

33
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The interval between the time when one nerve impulse occurs & next one can be generated in the axon

34
Q

What is a third important property of an action potential?

A

Spontaneous activity which are action potentials that occur in the absence of environmental stimuli

35
Q

What is the synapse? 

A

The gap between neurons

36
Q

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

Structures called synaptic vessels

37
Q

What are receptor sites?

A

They are small areas in the receiving neuron sensitive to specific neurotransmitters

38
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter makes contact with the receptor site matching its shape?

A

It activates the receptor site and triggers a voltage change in the receiving neuron

39
Q

What do excitatory receptors do?

A

They cause the inside of the neuron to become more positive, this process is called depolarization

40
Q

What happens if enough excitatory neurotransmitters are released

A

It will increase the depolarization and an action potential will be triggered causing an excitatory response

41
Q

What causes the inside of a neuron to become more negative?

A

Inhibitory transmitters, they cause the process of hyperpolarization

42
Q

What response does hypopolarization cause?

A

An inhibitory response because it prevents the neuron from reaching the level of depolarization needed for an action potential

43
Q

What are neural circuits?

A

They are a group of interconnected neurons that can range from a few to hundreds or thousands 

44
Q

What is convergence?

A

The synapsing of more than one neuron onto single neuron

45
Q

What is the receptive field of a neuron?

A

Is the area on the receptors that influences the firing rate of the neuron

46
Q

What is a center surround receptive field?

A

The areas of the receptive field are arranged in a center region

47
Q

Define excitatory- center-inhibitory-surround receptive field

A

Stimulating the center increases firing and stimulating the surround decreases firing

48
Q

Define inhibitory-center-excitatory-surround receptive fields

A

Stimulating the center decreases firing and stimulating the surround increases firing

49
Q

Since the center and the surround of the receptive field respond in opposite ways it causes an effect called

A

Center surround antagonism

50
Q

What is specificity coding

A

The representation of particular objects in the environment by the firing of neurons that are tuned to respond specifically to the object

51
Q

Konorski and Lettvin proposed

A

The concept of a grandmother cell

52
Q

What is a grandmother cell

A

A neuron that responds only to a specific stimulus

53
Q

What did Quiroga and coworkers (2005) do?

A

They implanted electrodes into the hippocampus or medial temporal lobe of patients

54
Q

What did Quiroga and coworkers find?

A

They found some neurons responded to the number of different views of just one person or building

55
Q

Did Quiroga and coworkers Find these neurons to be grandmother cells? Why?

A

No. It would be difficult to find specific neurons in the hundreds of millions in the structure &  some neurons might be able to respond to other pictures or concepts but they didn’t have to continue showing pictures

56
Q

What is distributed coding?

A

The representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of groups of neurons

57
Q

What is sparse coding?

A

A particular object is represented by the firing of a relatively small number of neurons

58
Q

What is the mind-body problem?

A

How do physical processes become transformed into perceptual experience?

59
Q

What is a neural correlate of consciousness?

A

Where consciousness can be roughly defined as our experiences

60
Q

What is the easy problem of consciousness?

A

Discovering the NCC because it is possible to discover connections between neural firings and experience

61
Q

What is the hard problem of consciousness?

A

How do certain processes become perceptions ( seeing a person’s face or the color red?)

Sensation And Perception (1 decks)

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