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OT - 212 Physiology > Intro To Physiology - Membrane Physiology > Flashcards

Intro To Physiology - Membrane Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of intracellular fluid in the body is?

A

2/3 (50-70%)

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2
Q

It is called the Internal Environment of the body; why is it called such a name?

A

Extracellular fluid; it contains ions and nutrients needed for survival, as such, all cells live in the same environment.

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3
Q

What does Extracellular Fluid (ECF) contain?

A

Sodium (Na+: most abundant cation), Chloride (Cl-: most abundant anion), Calcium+ (Ca2+) Bicarbonate Ions.
Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Glucose, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids, and waste products.

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4
Q

What does Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contain?

A

Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg+), Phosphate Ions (Po^-3 4), Organic Anion (the most abundant anion)

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5
Q

Maintenance and stability/constant conditions in the internal environment/organs to help perform functions

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

It is often considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis.

A

Disease

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7
Q

If a factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initiates _________.
Most control systems of the body act on it.

A

Negative Feedback

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8
Q

Initiating a stimulus causing more of the same reaction is?

A

Positive Feedback

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9
Q

The basic living unit of the body

A

Cells

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10
Q

About ____ of the adult human body is fluid, _____ intracellular fluid, ______ extracellular fluid

A

60%, 40%, 20%

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11
Q

The Basic Characteristics of Cells (4):

A

Oxygen for energy release
General Mechanism for changing is converting energy into nutrients
All cells deliver end products
Almost all cells have the ability to reproduce additional cells of their own kind

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12
Q

It is in constant motion throughout the body

A

Extracellular Fluid

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13
Q

ECF consists of ____ plasma and _____ interstitial fluid.

A

5%, 15%

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14
Q

The water element of blood

A

Plasma

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15
Q

It is seen between the spaces of the tissue

A

Interstitial Fluid

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16
Q

It is where most of the fluid in the body is contained

A

Intracellular Fluid

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17
Q

How does blood get transported to the system by the ECF?

A

Two Stages:
1.) Movement of blood through the body in the blood vessels
2.) Movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and intracellular spaces between the tissue cells

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18
Q

Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Respiratory System

A

Blood picks up oxygen in the alveoli, thus acquiring oxygen needed by the cells.

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19
Q

Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Gastrointestinal Tract (GI tract)

A

Ingest from food; for chemical nutrients

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20
Q

Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Liver and Other Organs That Perform Primarily Metabolic Functions

A

Liver changes the chemical compositions of substances to usable forms, other tissues of the body—fat cells, gastrointenstinal mucosa, kidneys and endocrine glands—help modify/stored until they are needed

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21
Q

Origin of Nutrients in the ECF: Musculoskeletal System

A

Movement for survival and protection

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22
Q

Removal of Metabolic End Products: Lungs

A

CO2 is released from the blood into the lung aveoli; removal of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

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23
Q

Removal of Metabolic End Products: Kidneys

A

Controls extraction of salt, water and waste products

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24
Q

Removal of Metabolic End Products: Gastrointestinal Tract

A

Undigested material that enters here, some waste products of metabolism are eliminated in the feces.

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25
Q

Removal of Metabolic End Products: Liver

A

Detoxification of drugs and chemicals ingested; secretes waste into bile to be eliminated in the feces

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26
Q

Regulation of Body Functions: Nervous System, what does it do?

A

Regulates muscular and secretory activities; Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls many of the internal organs

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27
Q

Nervous System has three (3) portions:

A

Sensory Input, CNS, Motor Output

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28
Q

Regulation of Body Functions: Hormone/Endrocine System

A

Hormones are transported in the ECF to help cellular function

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29
Q

Major Endocrine Glands in the Body + Uses (4):

A

1.) Thyroid Horomone - increases chemical reactions -> helps set tempo of bodily activity

2.) Insulin - sugar; controls glucose metabolism

3.) Adrenocortical Hormones - controls sodium (Na+) and protein metabolism

4.) Parathyroid Hormone - controls bone calcium and phosphate

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30
Q

Protection of the body: Immune System

A

Mechanism: distinguishes its own cell from harmful ones.
Destroys invaders by: phagocytosis/sensitized lymphocytes (eg. Antibodies)

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31
Q

Protection of the body: Integumentary System

A

Skin, hair, nails, glands, etc. cover and protect the deeper tissues and organs of the body.
Provide a boundary between the body’s internal environment and the outside.

Helps in temperature regulation.

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32
Q

Two major parts of a cell:

A

Nucleus and Cytoplasm

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33
Q

The nucleus is seperared from the cytoplasm by a ______

A

Nuclear Membrane

34
Q

Cytoplasm is seperated from the surrounding fluids by a _____

A

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

35
Q

Except for fat cells, cells are mostly comprised mainly of _____ in a concentration of 70-85%

A

Water

36
Q

Provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions, necessary for the operation of some cellular control mechanisms

A

Ions

37
Q

Most abundant in most cells are proteins, constitue 10-20% of the cell mass

A

Proteins

38
Q

Present in the cell mainly in the form of long filaments that are ploymerd of many indiviual protein molecules

A

Structural Protein

39
Q

Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular from, mainly enzymes which are mobile in the cell fluid

A

Functional Proteins

40
Q

Are several types of substances that are grouped together -> common property of being soluble in fat solvent

A

Lipids

41
Q

Often account for as much as 95% of the fat cell mass; represents the body’s main storehouse of energy-giving nutrients -> provide energy

A

Triglycerides/Neutral Fats

42
Q

Plays a major roll in cell nutrition; amount usually averages between 1-3%, maybe 6% (in liver cells)

A

Carbohydrates

43
Q

Carbohydrates is also stored here; an insoluble polymer of glucose that can be depolymerized and used to supply the cell energy’s needs

A

Glycogen

44
Q

Have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; most abundant in cell membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids

45
Q

Present in small amounts in the cell membranes, especially in nerve cells
Protection from harmful environmental factors, signal transmission, adhesion sites.

A

Sphingolipids

46
Q

Are also lipids; are dissolved in the bilayer of the membrane, mainly help determine the degree of permeability (bilayer to water)

A

Cholesterol

47
Q

Jelly-like fluid portion; mainly dissolved proteins, electrolytes and glucose

A

Cytosol

48
Q

Ribosomes have particles present; ribosomes are composed of a mixture of RNA, function to synthesize new protein molecules in the cell

A

Rough (Granular) Endoplasmic Reticulum

49
Q

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes

A

Smooth (Agranular) Endoplasmic Reticulum

50
Q

A layer of thin, flat enclosed vesicles; prominent in secretory cells

A

Golgi Apparatus

51
Q

It breaks off from the Golgi Apparatus then disperse throughout the cytoplasm; intracellular digestive system.

A

Lysosomes

52
Q

Physically similar to lysosomes, formed by seld-replication; combines O2 eith H ions to form Hydrogen Peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

53
Q

Powerhouse of the cell; forms CO2, H2O, and ATP

A

Mitochondria

54
Q

Network of fibrillar proteins (e.g. Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments)

A

Cell Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Control center of the cell, sends messages to the cell to grow, mature and replicate; contains a large quantities of DNA

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Different Questions Under One Card:
1.) Also called Nuclear Envelope, seperates the two bilayer membranes
2.) It surrounds the Nuclear Envelope in several thousands of ______
3.) Formation of _____ happens in the nucleus; accumulation of large amounts of RNA

A

1.) Nuclear Membrane
2.) Nuclear Pores
3.) Nucleoli

57
Q

Crawling-like movement of an entire cell; needs ATP (e.g. White Blood Cells, Fibroblasts, Germinal cells of the skin)

A

Ameboid Movement

58
Q

Whip-like movement, occurs mainly in two places: Surfaces of the Respiratory Airways, Inside surfaces of the fallopian tubes

A

Motile cilia

59
Q

Nonmotile; generally occur only as a single cilium on each cell, “sensory antennae” involved in chemical and mechanical sensation signalling; occurs in the kidney

A

Primary Cilia

60
Q

Not miscible with either ECF or ICF

A

Lipid Bilayer

61
Q

Passive transport of ions from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

A

Diffusion

62
Q

1.1 Occurs through a membrane opening without any interaction from a carrier protein, mixed without any help

1.2 Requires a carrier protein

A

1.1 Simple Difussion

1.2 Facilitated Difussion

63
Q

Facilitated Difussion is divided into two subtypes:

1.2.1 Use of carrier proteins, changes shape

1.2.2 Opening and closing of gate; ion/small molecules

A

1.2.1 Carrier Mediated

1.2.2 Channel Mediated

64
Q

Opening and closing of gates are controlled in two (2) principal ways:

A.) Molecular confirmation responds to the electrical potential of the cell (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium)

B.) Binding of another molecule with the protein (Acetylcholine)

A

A.) Voltage Gating

B.) Chemical Gating

65
Q

Passive movement of water; from high to low concentrated areas due to difference of water; achieve equilibrium

A

Osmosis

66
Q

Pressure difference to stop osmosis

A

Osmotic Pressure

67
Q

Movement of substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier protein; against an electrochemical gradient

A

Active Transport

68
Q

Low to high concentrated areas; energy is directed from breakdown of ATP

A

3.1 Primary Active Transport

69
Q

Co-transport, counter-transport

A

3.2 Secondary Active Transport

70
Q

Transported by vesicles

A

Vesicular Transport

71
Q

Under Vesicular Transport:
1.) Expulsion of cell content
2.) Ingestion of particles

A

1.) Exocytosis
2.) Endocytosis

72
Q

1.) “Cell eating,” vesicles fuses with lysososomes
2.) “Cell drinking”
3.) Receptors outside the plasma membrane

A

1.) Phagocytosis
2.) Pinocytosis
3.) Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

73
Q

Classification of Nerves Based on Fiber Types (6):

1.) Motor nerves (muscle spindles, skeletal muscles, golgi tendons)

2.) Sensory nerves (touch, proprioception)

3.) Motor innervation (supply): muscle spindle

4.) Sensory nerves for fast and acute pain/sensory for temperature

5.) Autonomic nerve glands and visceral organs (e.g. breathing)

6.) Chronic and slow pain

A

1.) A-Alpha - large and mylienated

2.) A-Beta - “

3.) A-Gamma - “

4.) A-Delta - small and mylienated

5.) B- “

6.) C- small and unmylienated

74
Q

Rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the nerve fiber membrane

A

Action Potentials

75
Q

All or Nothing Principle:

1.) Amount usually required to cause an explosive development of action potential

2.) Is the firing level/threshold value

3.) Resting memebrane value is?

A

1.) 15-35mV

2.) -55mV

3.) -70mV

76
Q

It moves Action Potential backwards, prevents action potential from happening too closely; highest point of positivity, Sodium gate closed

A

Absolute Refractory Period

77
Q

Caused when sodium gated voltage opens -> slow opening of potassium gated channels -> charge of cell becomes positive

A

Depolarization

78
Q

2 causes:
Rapid closure of sodium-gated channels -> opening of potassium gates= Potassium Enflux -> Charge of cells become negative

A

Repolarization

79
Q

Cause: slow closure of voltage gated K+ channel -> charge of cells becomes more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

80
Q

1.) State where there is a positively charged outside and a negatively charged inside caused by the Na-K-ATPase Pump

2.) 1/3 or 2/3 of the repolarization stage; must be stronger than the original stimuli

A

1.) Resting Membrane Potential

2.) Relative Refractory Period

OT - 212 Physiology (1 decks)

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