Intro to Physiology

Question 1

What is animal physiology?

Answer 1

the study of how animals work, focuses on function of tissues, organs and organ systems. relies on understanding of structure and function

Question 2

explain levels of organization

Answer 2

a framework to describe scale in the organism. Different levels include organs to tissues to cells

Question 3

Systems involved in regulating body temp

Answer 3

integumentary
muscular
cardiovascular
nervous

Question 4

systems involved in body fluid composition

Answer 4

digestive
cardiovascular
urinary
skeletal
respiratory
lymphatic

Question 5

systems involved in body fluid volume

Answer 5

urinary
digestive
integumentary
cardiovascular
lymphatic

Question 6

systems involved in waste concentration

Answer 6

urinary
digestive
cardiovascular

Question 7

systems involved in blood pressure

Answer 7

cardiovascular
nervous
endocrine

Question 8

define homeostasis

Answer 8

the integrative actions of the systems of an organism that results in maintenance of optimal internal environment despite variations and fluctuations in external conditions

Question 9

how is homeostasis controlled?

Answer 9

feedback loops or reflex control pathways

Question 10

what are the two major homeostatic control systems of many animals?

Answer 10

nervous and endocrine

Question 11

requirements for homeostasis, and briefly describe them

Answer 11

a receptor - senses any change in conditions
a control centre - receives and processes information and initiates response
effector - carries out response dictated by control centre.

Question 12

negative feedback

Answer 12

opposes the original stimulus

Question 13

positive feedback

Answer 13

enhances stimulus
rarer than negative

Question 14

where is adherence to set point determined?

Answer 14

in the integration centre. the sensor just reports information, the integration centre is what knows if the information is good or bad

Question 15

negative feedback loops, explain what they are and their end goal

Answer 15

negative feedback is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation. Provides long term control over internal conditions and systems
end goal: restore homeostatic normal range

Question 16

what are the receptors, control centre and effectors for body temperature regulation for overheating/coldness

Answer 16

receptor: temperature sensors in body
control centre: the brain (hypothalamus)
effector:
too hot- blood vessels and sweat glands in skin (increase blood flow to skin to release heat, increased sweating)
too cold- shivering, reduced blood flow to skin, decreased sweating

Question 17

why are positive feedback loops so rare?

Answer 17

stimuli rarely need to be enhanced. they are only used in dangerous or stressful situations, when homeostasis needs to be controlled quickly.

Question 18

example of positive feedback loop

Answer 18

Severe cut
consequences: lower blood pressure and reduce cardiac efficiency. Dangerous! Calls for positive feedback mechanism
The loop: damaged cells release chemicals triggering blood clotting. these chemicals trigger chain reactions, a clot is formed, and each component added to the clot releases more chemicals that recruits more cells, proteins, etc. to further clot. this escalation is a positive feedback loop.

Question 19

regulators

Answer 19

maintain relatively constant internal conditions despite external conditions. can counter environmental changes to an extent (dont know when this limit is)

Question 20

conformers

Answer 20

allow internal conditions to change when faced with variation in environment. much less metabolically costly. system parameters paralleled the environment.