Intro to PHP

Question 1

PHP: ______.

Answer 1

“PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor,” is a server language. This means that it executes code on the server then sends the results to the browser primarily as html content.

Question 2

PHP manages __________ content, communicates with _____________, tracks user sessions, sends _______, read/write ________, implements __________, and ________ __________.

Answer 2

PHP manages dynamic content, communicates with databases, tracks user sessions, sends email, read/writes files, implements security, and processes forms.

Question 3

A PHP block must begin with ______ and end with ______ .

Answer 3

a PHP block must begin with .

Question 4

_______ PHP blocks can be used inside of one file.

Answer 4

Multiple PHP blocks can be used inside of one file.

Question 5

Code (PHP) to output to page

Answer 5

echo(); //output to page

Question 6

Code (PHP) that shows information about the server’s PHP installation

Answer 6

phpinfo(); //shows information about the server’s PHP installation

Question 7

Code (PHP) to view all errors warnings and notices

Answer 7

error_reporting(E_ALL);

//view all errors warnings and notices

Question 8

Different servers have different ________. If something doesn’t work, it might be a server ______ issue.

Answer 8

Different servers have different configurations. If something doesn’t work, it might be a server configuration issue.

Question 9

PHP and HTML code _____ be used on the same page.

A simple way to use this technique effectively is to remember that _____ goes inside of PHP blocks and HTML _____t.

Answer 9

PHP and HTML code can be used on the same page.

A simple way to use this technique effectively is to remember that PHP goes inside of PHP blocks and HTML doesn’t.

Question 10

To ouput html, use the _____ statement. _____(“html goes here”);

Answer 10

To ouput html, use the echo statement. echo(“html goes here”);

Question 11

Variables start with a _

Answer 11

Variables start with a $

Question 12

No variable ______ is required. You can just start using variables. e.g $someVar = 12

Answer 12

No variable declaration is required. You can just start using variables. e.g $someVar = 12

Question 13

Concatenation uses a _____ NOT a ___ sign. e.g.

Answer 13

Concatenation uses a period NOT a plus sign.

Example:
$var1 = “I love”;
$var2 = “servers”;
echo($var1.$var2); //outputs “I loveservers”

Question 14

Double quotes will _____ variables, and special characters, like \n or \t.

Single quotes will not and will ____ the literal string.

Answer 14

Double quotes will parse variables, and special characters, like \n or \t.

Single quotes will not and will output the literal string.

Example:
$name = “Joe”;
‘Hi I am $name’ //Hi I am $name
“Hi I am $name” //Hi I am Joe

Question 15

Example of an if statement:

Answer 15

$test = 1;
if ($test == 1) {
echo (“we <b>passed</b> with a score of $test”); //note how you can embed a variable directly in a string
}

Question 16

Arrays hold _____ _____ referenced by a ______ ______ .

Answer 16

Arrays hold multiple values referenced by a numerical index.

Example:
$myArray = array(“a”,”b”,”c”); //create an array

array_push($myArray,”d”); //add to end of array
array_pop($myArray) //removes and returns the last element of an array
count($myArray); //returns the array length

echo($myArray[0]); //prints out the first value in the array

Question 17

Looping through a php array:

Answer 17

for ($i=0; $i

Question 18

The indexes of Associative arrays are _____, not numbers.

Answer 18

The indexes of Associative arrays are strings, not numbers.

Example:
$myArray = array(“first” => “Wasim”, “last” => “Singh”);
$myArray[“middle”] = “Andy”; //add associative property and value

Question 19

foreach loop:

Answer 19

foreach( $array as $value ) {
echo (“Value is $value <br></br>”);
}

Question 20

Single-quoted strings aren’t _______, so whatever you’ve put in the string, that’s what will show up.

Double-quoted strings are _____ and any PHP variables in the string are _______.
Additionally, escaped characters like \n for newline and \t for tab are not evaluated in single-quoted strings, but are evaluated in double-quoted strings

Answer 20

Single-quoted strings aren’t parsed, so whatever you’ve put in the string, that’s what will show up.

Double-quoted strings are parsed and any PHP variables in the string are evaluated. Additionally, escaped characters like \n for newline and \t for tab are not evaluated in single-quoted strings, but are evaluated in double-quoted strings

Question 21

We can pass information to a PHP script via the _ _ _ method or the _ _ _ _ method.

These methods are defined in an HTML form and the _ _ _ method adds variables at the end of the URL.

Answer 21

We can pass information to a PHP script via the GET method or the POST method.

These methods are defined in an HTML form and the GET method adds variables at the end of the URL.

PHP can access these GET and POST variables and values via the $_GET and $_POST associative arrays.

Question 22

Using ___, the URL is formatted with _____-value pairs like so:

http://yourwebsite.com/form-processor.php?name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3

Answer 22

Using GET, the URL is formatted with name-value pairs like so:

http://yourwebsite.com/form-processor.php?name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3

Note the format of the variables and the question mark at the beginning to signify the beginning of the variables string. Also notice the ampersand that separates variable/value pairs. This is known as a URL encoded string.

Question 23

The ____ method produces a long string that appears in your _______ logs, in the browser’s Location: box and is recognized by search engines

Answer 23

The GET method produces a long string that appears in your server logs, in the browser’s Location: box and is recognized by search engines

Question 24

The ____ method is restricted to send up to a limited number of characters (based on the browser)

Answer 24

The GET method is restricted to send up to a limited number of characters (based on the browser)

Question 25

GET method isn’t used to send _____ data, like images or word documents, to the server.

Answer 25

GET isn’t used to send binary data, like images or word documents, to the server.

Question 26

The ______ method transfers information via HTTP headers.

Answer 26

The POST method transfers information via HTTP headers.

Question 27

The _____ method does not have any restriction on data size to be sent.

Answer 27

The POST method does not have any restriction on data size to be sent.

Question 28

The POST method can be used to send ____ as well as _____ data.

Answer 28

The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well as binary data.

Question 29

The data sent by POST method goes through ______ _____ so security depends on _____ protocol. By using Secure ____ you can make sure that your information is secure.

Answer 29

The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP header so security depends on HTTP protocol. By using Secure HTTP you can make sure that your information is secure.

Question 30

When hooking up forms, be sure to include the _____ attribute for all elements in your form. Those _____ become the associative variable name in the $_GET and $_POST arrays.

Answer 30

Be sure to include the name attribute for all elements in your form. Those names become the associative variable name in the $_GET and $_POST arrays.

Question 31

The action attribute of your form itself is the processing page that your _____ and _______ will be submitted to.

Answer 31

The action attribute of your form itself is the processing page that your form and variables will be submitted to.

Question 32

The ______ attribute of your form determined the method of form submission. It may be GET or POST.

Answer 32

The method attribute of your form determined the method of form submission. It may be GET or POST. There are others but we will focus on GET an POST for now.

Question 33

Instead of one form page and one processing page illustrated above, there are three pages:

1)
2)
3)

Answer 33

Instead of one form page and one processing page illustrated above, there are three pages:

1) Form page
2) Processing page which accepts POST variables from the Form page, processes them and then redirects the user to a destination page
3) Destination page

Question 34

Make forms using 3 pages because it prevents: 1-3

Answer 34

1) prevents forms from being submitted multiple times,
2) prevents POST errors when using the “Back” and “Forward” buttons,
3) prevents POST data from being processed multiple times when the processing page is refreshed

Question 35

_______ code to be added at the end of the processing code on the processing page:

Answer 35

Redirection code to be added at the end of the processing code on the processing page:

header(“Location: path-to-your-destination-page.php”);

Question 36

To check if a GET or POST variable is available, use the _____) function.

______() determines if a variable is set and is not NULL.

Answer 36

To check if a GET or POST variable is available, use the isset() function.

isset() determines if a variable is set and is not NULL.

if(isset($_POST['input'])){
	//process
}else{
	//handle else
}

Question 37

Upload a file (HTML):

Question 38

Upload a file (PHP):

Answer 38

$uploaddir = '/var/www/uploads/';
$uploadfile = $uploaddir . basename($_FILES['userfile']['name']);

if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES[‘userfile’][‘tmp_name’], $uploadfile)) {
echo “File is valid, and was successfully uploaded.\n”;
} else {
echo “Possible file upload attack!\n”;
}

echo ‘Here is some more debugging info:’;
print_r($_FILES);

Question 39

When uploading a file, the enctype of the form must be ‘_____/______-data’

Answer 39

The enctype of the form must be ‘multipart/form-data’

Question 40

When files are uploaded to the server, an _____ that holds the file information is created.

Answer 40

When files are uploaded to the server, an array that holds the file information is created.

Array (
[file_upload] => Array (
[name] => an-image.png
[type] => image/png
[tmp_name] => /path-to-temp-folder-on-server
[error] => 0
[size] => 328119 )
)

Question 41

If a file of the same name already exists on the server, that file will be overwritten by the new upload.

To avoid this, old files may be deleted by using the ______() function and in many cases, uploaded files can be given a unique name so that existing files won’t be overwritten. As a best practice, organize uploaded files by year, month and day.

Answer 41

If a file of the same name already exists on the server, that file will be overwritten by the new upload.

To avoid this, old files may be deleted by using the unlink() function and in many cases, uploaded files can be given a unique name so that existing files won’t be overwritten. As a best practice, organize uploaded files by year, month and day.

Question 42

Developers should _______ the file (make sure the filetype is correct and file size limits are met etc.)

Answer 42

Developers should validate the file (make sure the filetype is correct and file size limits are met etc.)

Question 43

When uploading a file that you may want to track, you may be tempted to store that file in the database. Is this recommended?

Answer 43

When uploading a file that you may want to track, you may be tempted to store that file in the database. This isn’t recommended.

Question 44

To store images/files:

1)
2)
3)

Answer 44

1) Upload the file to the server (using the file upload code)
2) Store the filename in a database table.
3) To retrieve the file, create “img” or “a” tags that reference the file by its name (now stored in the database)