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pharma > intro to pharmaco pt1 > Flashcards

intro to pharmaco pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 phases of tablets or capsules taken by mouth

A

PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS

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2
Q

processes of PHARMACOKINETICS (adme)

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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3
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS responses

A

biologic response
physiologic response

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4
Q

process of drug movement throughout the body that is necessary to achieve drug action

A

pharmacokinetics

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5
Q

refers to the movement of drug into the bloodstream after administration

A

ABSORPTION

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6
Q

used in drug preparation to allow the drug to take a particular size and shape and to enhance drug dissolution

A

EXCIPIENTS

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7
Q

simple syrup, vegetable gums and aromatic powders are example of what

A

EXCIPIENTS

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8
Q

tablet has to be broken down into small particles before it is absorbed

A

DISINTEGRATION

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9
Q

small particles must combine with a liquid to form a solution

A

DISSOLUTION

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10
Q

Enteric coated drugs are meant to be absorbed in

A

small intestine

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11
Q

where does absorption happens

A

mucosal lining of the small intestine

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12
Q

Does not require energy

A

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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13
Q

drug moves across the
cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

relies on a carrier protein to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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15
Q

requires energy
requires a carrier such as an
enzyme or a protein

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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16
Q

cells carry a drug across their
membrane by engulfing the drug particles into a vesicle

A

PINOCYTOSIS

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17
Q

drugs that do not pass GIT

A

parenteral
buccal
inhalation

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18
Q

absorption effect on LIVER

A

metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted thus reducing the amount of drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect

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19
Q

refers to the percentage of
administered drug available
for activity

A

Bioavailability

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20
Q

FACTORS THAT ALTER BIOAVAILABILITY

A

drug form
route of administration
gastric mucosa and motility
administration with food and other drugs
changes in liver metabolism

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21
Q

refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues

A

DISTRIBUTION

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22
Q

influenced by the rate of the blood flow to the tissue, drugs affinity to the tissue and protein binding

A

DISTRIBUTION

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23
Q

drugs that are 90 % bound to protein

A

Highly protein-bound drugs

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24
Q

drugs that are less than 10 % bound to protein

A

Weakly protein-bound drugs

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25
Q

The portion of the drug that is bound to the protein

A

inactive

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26
Q

The portion that remains unbound

A

free active drug

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27
Q

metabolism or biotransformation

A

DRUG METABOLISM

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28
Q

process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted

A

DRUG METABOLISM

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29
Q

collectively referred to as cytochrome P450 of drug metabolizing enzymes convert drugs to metabolites

A

Liver enzymes

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30
Q

time it takes for the amount of drug into the body to be reduced by half

A

Drug half-life

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31
Q

amount of drug being administered is the same amount of drug being eliminated

A

Steady state

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32
Q

necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic benefit

A

Steady state

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33
Q

administration of a large initial dose of a medicine used to ensure a quick therapeutic response

A

Loading dose

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34
Q

given for a short period before therapy continues with a lower maintenance dose

A

Loading dose

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35
Q

main route is the kidneys

A

DRUG EXCRETION

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36
Q

drugs are also excreted through

A

bile
lungs
saliva
sweat
breast milk

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37
Q

in drug excretion, the problem is a profusion of the blood towards the kidney

A

Prerenal

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38
Q

in drug excretion, the problem is within the kidneys or the formation of urine

A

Intrarenal

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39
Q

in drug excretion, the problem is the outflow of urine from the
kidneys

A

Postrenal

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40
Q

study of the effects of drugs in the body

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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41
Q

drugs act within the body to mimic the actions of the body’s own chemical messengers

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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42
Q

is the body’s physiologic response to changes in drug concentration at the site of action

A

dose-response relationship

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43
Q

amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug

A

POTENCY

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44
Q

produced a significant therapeutic response

A

High potency

45
Q

produces minimal therapeutic response at low concentrations

A

Low potency

46
Q

the point at which increasing the drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response

A

MAXIMAL EFFICACY

47
Q

the difference between the toxic and therapeutic doses

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

48
Q

describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of the drug (𝑬𝑫𝟓𝟎 ) and the toxic dose of the drug ( 𝑻𝑫𝟓𝟎)

A

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

49
Q

dose of a drug that produces
a therapeutic response in 50% of the population

A

Therapeutic Dose (𝑬𝑫𝟓𝟎)

50
Q

dose of a drug that produces
a toxic response in 50% of the population

A

Toxic Dose (𝑻𝑫𝟓𝟎)

51
Q

is a time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration after administration

A

Onset

52
Q

drug reaches its highest concentration in blood

A

Peak

53
Q

Length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect

A

Duration of Action

54
Q

drugs take effect in the body by binding into a receptor and activate it

A

Duration of Action

55
Q

a drug molecule that binds to a receptor

A

Ligand

56
Q

it is where the ligand will bind

A

Enzyme linked receptor

57
Q

The four receptor families

A

Cell membrane embedded enzymes
Ligand-gated ion channels
G protein-coupled receptor system
Transcription factors

58
Q

The ligand binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface

A

Cell membrane embedded enzymes

59
Q

the drug activates the enzyme inside the cell and the response is initiated

A

Cell membrane embedded enzymes

60
Q

The channel crosses the cell membrane

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

61
Q

when the channel opens ions flow into and out of the cells

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

62
Q

this primarily affects sodium and calcium ions

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

63
Q

3 components of G protein-coupled receptor system

A

Receptor
G-Protein
Effector

64
Q

ligands that can pass through the cellular membrane enters the cell

A

Transcription factors

65
Q

receptor site is found inside the nucleus

A

Transcription factors

66
Q

are drugs that activate receptors and produce a desired response

A

Agonist

67
Q

are drugs that prevent receptor activation and blocks a response

A

Antagonists

68
Q

when the drug affects multiple receptor sites

A

Nonspecific drug

69
Q

affects only one type of receptor but of various or multiple receptor sites

A

Nonspecific drug

70
Q

when the drug affects multiple receptors

A

Nonselective Drug

71
Q

secondary effects of drug therapy
can be desirable and undesirable

A

Side Effects

72
Q

are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that can occur at normal drug dosages

A

Adverse reaction

73
Q

occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range

A

Drug Toxicity

74
Q

decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy

A

Tolerance

75
Q

acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug

A

Tachyphylaxis

76
Q

altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or more multiple drugs

A

Drug Interaction

77
Q

food increases, decreases or delays the body’s from a pharmacokinetic response to drug

A

Drug-Nutrient Interaction

78
Q

when two drugs are administered in combination
response is increased beyond what either could produce alone

A

Additive drug effect

79
Q

occurs when a diuretic and a
beta blocker are administered for the treatment of hypertension

A

Desirable additive drug effect

80
Q

One reduces or blocks the effect of another

A

Antagonistic drug effect

81
Q

the study of genetic factors that influence an individual’s response to specific drugs

A

Pharmacogenetics

82
Q

is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of a drug

A

Placebo effect

83
Q

a subdivision of ethnomedicine
and focuses on the use of herbs powder teas and animal products as healing remedies

A

Ethnopharmacology

84
Q

Are drugs that have been found to be safe and appropriate for use without the direct supervision of a health care provider

A

OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

85
Q

MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION

A

Stimulate
Depress
Irritate cells
replace certain
chemicals
produce cytotoxic and
antimicrobial actions
modification of immune status

86
Q

Enhances intrinsic activity like adrenergic drugs which increases heart rate, sweating, and respiratory rate

A

A drug that stimulates (stimulation)

87
Q

Decrease neural activity and bodily functions

A

Depressant drugs

88
Q

Have noxious effect

A

Drugs that irritate

89
Q

Such as insulin replace essential body compounds in the case of a person with diabetes mellitus, the problem is there could be inadequate number of insulin in the body

A

Replacement drugs

90
Q

Selectively kill invading parasites or cancers

A

Cytotoxic drugs

91
Q

Drugs that prevent, inhibit, or kill infectious organisms

A

Antimicrobial medications

92
Q

Modify, enhance, or depress the immune system

A

Drugs that modify the immune status

93
Q

most common form of oral medication

A

tablet

94
Q

it may be a liquid or the powder form of a medication inside it

A

capsule

95
Q

There are small beads within it
The medication will be released in small amounts over time

A

Time-released capsule or also called as Spansule

96
Q

Medication will be swallowed by the patient

A

Oral

97
Q

Place the medication between the cheek and the gum

A

Buccal

98
Q

Place the medication under the tongue

A

Sublingual

99
Q

liquid containing a medicinal drug with syrup, glycerin, or alcohol added to mask its unpleasant taste

A

Elixir

100
Q

consists of undissolved particles of one or more medicinal agents mixed with a liquid vehicle for oral administration

A

Suspension

101
Q

Mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible or unmixable

A

Emulsion

102
Q

The administration of a medicine generally in liquid form either drop by drop or with a catheter into a body space or cavity

A

INSTALLATIONS

103
Q

INSTALLATIONS drugs

A
  1. Eye drops
  2. Eye ointment
  3. Nasal spray
  4. Ear drop or optic drops
104
Q

INHALATIONS drugs

A
  1. Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)
  2. Nebulizer
105
Q

a tube is inserted to the stomach through the abdominal wall

A

NASOGASTRIC AND GASTRONOMY TUBES

106
Q

a solid medical preparation that is cone or spindle-shaped for insertion into the rectum

A

SUPPOSITORIES

107
Q

made from glycerinated gelatine or high molecular weighted polyethylene glycols and are more common vehicles for a variety of drugs

A

SUPPOSITORIES

108
Q

useful route in babies who are uncooperative patients and in cases of vomiting or certain digestive disorders

A

SUPPOSITORIES

109
Q

FIVE plus FIVE” of Medication Administration

A

Right Patient
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route
Right Assessment
Right Documentation
Right to Education
Right Evaluation
Right to Refuse

pharma (3 decks)

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