Intro to Pharm/Tox

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

physical and chemical properties, actions, absorption and fate of drugs that modify biological function – pharmacological agent that interacts chemically with a critical target site to produce an alteration of homeostasis

Question 2

Clinical pharmacology

Answer 2

clinical science that integrates disease pathophysiology with fundamental concepts of pharmacology to provide a rational basis for drug therapy in patients

Question 3

Veterinary pharmacology

Answer 3

provide rational basis for the use of drugs in a clinical setting in different animal species

Question 4

Drug

Answer 4

substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease; substance intended to affect the structure or any function of the body

Question 5

Drug product

Answer 5

finished dosage form that contains a drug substance, generally, but not necessarily in association with other active/inactive ingredients

Question 6

Dose

Answer 6

specified quantity of a therapeutic agent, such as a drug or medicine, prescribed to be taken at one time or at stated intervals

Question 7

Therapeutic window

Answer 7

the plasma or serum concentration range within which a drug is likely to produce its therapeutic effects

Question 8

Toxicology

Answer 8

study of poisons, including chemical properties, biological effects and the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning cases

Question 9

Toxicant

Answer 9

poison, any agent capable of producing a deleterious response in a biological system (synthetic and natural)

Question 10

Toxin

Answer 10

naturally occurring poison (except metals), a poison that originates from a living organism

Question 11

Toxicity

Answer 11

a measure to the degree to which somethings is toxic, the amount of a poison that causes a toxic effect

Question 12

Toxicosis

Answer 12

poisoning, intoxication, a disease state that results from exposure to a toxicant

Question 13

Xenobiotic

Answer 13

foreign drug or toxicant

Question 14

Lethal dose (LD)

Answer 14

the lowest dose that causes death

Question 15

LD50

Answer 15

the dose at which 50% of the animals die during some period of observation

Question 16

Effective dose 50 (ED50)

Answer 16

the dose of drug or toxicant that produces the desired effect in 50% of the population

Question 17

Therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 17

LD50/ED50, an estimate that characterizes the relative safety of a drug or chemical

Question 18

Acute toxicity

Answer 18

usually a single dose or multiple doses within 24 hours; generally sudden onset for a short period of time; may be reversible

Question 19

Chronic toxicity

Answer 19

long or permanent duration; long duration with low dose; irreversible

Question 20

Additive

Answer 20

2 + 3 = 5

Ex: organophosphorus insecticides

Question 21

Synergistic

Answer 21

2 + 3&raquo_space; 5

Ex: smokers + asbestos

Question 22

Potentiation

Answer 22

2 + 0 > 2

Ex: warfarin and albumin bound drugs

Question 23

Antagonism

Answer 23

4 + 6 < 10

Ex: ethanol and ethylene glycol