Intro to Pharm Flashcards
Pharmacotherapeutics is the field of study which regards?
Use of medications to treat or prevent disease and manage symptoms
Pharmacogenomics is the field of study which regards the genetic impact on?
Drug metabolic processes which affect individual responses to drugs
Pharmacoeconomics is the field of study utilizing scientific and economic methods to?
Evaluate and compare value between therapies
Pharmacoepidemiology is the field of study that applies epidemiological principles and methods to study?
The uses and effects of medications on large populations
After a lead compound in found in vitro studies, how many years later will it be deemed an Investigational New Drug (IND)?
How many years until it is termed New Drug Application (NDA)?
1) 4 years
2) 8-9 years
What are the major reasons for drug therapy failure?
1) Medication errors
2) Patient compliance
What is the lag period?
The time it takes for the tablet to dissolve in order to begin the absorption process
What is the duration of action?
The point between the onset of effect to the point where the drug is inactivated and eliminated
What is the peak effect?
Where the patient feels majority of the therapeutic response
What is the Minimum effective concentration (MEC)?
The minimum concentration that is required for drug effect
What is the therapeutic window?
The range of doses of a drug that provides for safe and effective therapy
The drugs Digoxin, Lithium, and Warfarin all must be carefully given the correct dosage for what reason?
They have small therapeutic window
When looking at a dose-response relationship, a medication that is closer to zero in terms of log drug dose is described as?
More potent
An effect in which two substances used in combination produce a total effect the same as the sum of the individual effects is known as?
Additive effect
An interaction between two or more drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug is known as?
Synergistic effect
An effect in which a substance that is originally non-toxic but becomes toxic when combined with another substance is known as?
Potentiation
Two agonists interacting with different receptors to produce opposite effects is known as?
Functional Antagonism
When a drug counters the effect of another resulting in decreased effect is known as?
Chemical Antagonism
Metabolism of a chemical is altered and the concentration and duration of the chemical are diminished in an effect known as?
Dispositional Antagonism
What makes a drug a pharmaceutical alternative?
Same drug but different salts/complexes, or different dosage forms/strengths
What makes a drug a therapeutic equivalence?
Must be pharmaceutically equivalent and expected to have same clinical effect and safety profile
How can a drug be determined a bioequivalent?
Similar rate and extent of absorption
Drug products that are considered to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products are given what code?
A code
Drug products that FDA, at this time, is considered not to be therapeutically equivalent to other pharmaceutically equivalent products are given what code?
B code
