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Nursing Hospital Adult > Intro To Pharm > Flashcards

Intro To Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is therapeutic effect

A

Desired effect of a drug on the body

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2
Q

Side effect is

A

Undesired effect of drug on body

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3
Q

Adverse effect is

A

Harmful effect of drug on body

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4
Q

Therapeutic classification is

A

Broad category of what a drug does

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5
Q

Indications of a drug are

A

Conditions treated by drug

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6
Q

Why is it important for a nurse to understand indications of a drug

A
  1. Increases knowledge/critical thinking
  2. Provide accurate info to pt
  3. Verify that dose is accurate
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7
Q

Reason why drug might not produce therapeutic effect

A
  1. Pt’s body isnt responding to drug (bc comorbidities or drug interactions)
  2. Dose is too low
  3. Pt not taking dose
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8
Q

Serum concentration is

A

Concentration of drug in blood

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9
Q

What is pharmacokinetics

A

How body reacts to meds to move it through body

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics 4 steps

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Elimination
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11
Q

Pharmacokinetics absorption

A

Mvmt of drug in bloodstream after administration

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics distribution

A

Transportation of drug through bloodstream to various organs or tissues

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics metabolism

A

Process body uses to break down drug

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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics elimination

A

Excretion of drug

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15
Q

Tissues involved in absorption (with route)

A
  1. Skin (transdermal)
  2. Mucous membranes (SL, buccal)
  3. Small intestines (PO)
  4. Lungs (inhaled)
  5. Subcue tissue or muscles (injections)
  6. Direct to bloodstream (IV)
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16
Q

Factors influencing drug absorption

A
  1. Drug info (storage, dose, solubility (lipid or water), form of drug)
  2. Age of pt, diseases
  3. Topical: skin characteristics (thick, warm, blood supply)
  4. Oral: food in stomach, stomach acid, GI disorders, diarrhea (speeds up passage)
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17
Q

Tissues involved in distribution

A
  1. Mostly fat or interstitial fluid (dissolve)
  2. Some attach to proteins molecules (albumin in blood), become inactive
  3. Some accumulate in specific tissues
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18
Q

Factors affecting distribution

A
  1. Solubility of drug (lipid or water)
  2. Protein binding ability and available serum albumin (only free drug affects plasma concentration)
  3. Body composition
  4. Conditions affect albumin levels (kidney disease, malnutrition)
  5. Conditions affect circulation (prevent from distributing to tissues)
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19
Q

Main organ involved in metabolism

A

Liver

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20
Q

Factors affecting metabolism

A
  1. Liver dysfunction
  2. Age (older=slower, smaller dose needed)
  3. Genetics
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21
Q

Main organs for elimination

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Lungs, GI tract, skin cells, hair, fluids (breast milk, saliva, tears)
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22
Q

Factors affecting elimination

A
  1. Kidney dysfunction
  2. Acidity of urine (diet/kidney disorders)
  3. Age (renal drug excretion decreases with age)
23
Q

Cytotoxic drugs cause

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Birth defects
  3. Reproductive harm
  4. Damage to dna
  5. Organ toxicity at low dose
24
Q

Hazardous drugs risk and management

A
  1. Can be absorbed through nurse skin
  2. Nurse can contact through body fluid of pt with drug still active in it
  3. Hazardous drug sign outside of pt room
  4. Special instructions in MAR
25
Q

Onset of action

A

Time for drug to reach minimum effective concentration

26
Q

Peak

A

Highest serum concentration

27
Q

Duration of action

A

Length of time that serum concentration is within therapeutic range

28
Q

Plateau

A

Steady state of drug concentration in therapeutic range, drug absorbed = drug eliminated

29
Q

Trough

A

Lowest serum concentration before next dose administered

30
Q

Half life

A

Time required for body to eliminate half concentration of drug initially absorbed

31
Q

Why is half life important

A
  1. Calculate how long to be fully eliminated
  2. Calculate how to maintain steady state (maintenance dose)
32
Q

After 5 half lives

A

97% of drug metabolized

33
Q

How much time needed to achieve plateau

A

5 half lives

34
Q

Loading dose

A

Dose that fall im therapeutic range after few doses or short interval, produce toxicity if given repeatedly, higher than maintenance dose, when drug has long half life and therapeutic effect must be achieved quickly

35
Q

Maintenance dose

A

Dose to maintain therapeutic range when given repeatedly at constant interval

36
Q

Cumulative effect

A

Toxic effect if drug is eliminated more slowly than absorbed/administered

37
Q

Cumulative effect happens if

A
  1. Administrations too frequently
  2. Pt has condition that affects metabolism and excretion
38
Q

Bioavailability

A

Fraction of drug absorbed in systemic circulation
(IV drugs 100% bioavailability )

39
Q

First pass effect

A

Partial metabolism of PO drugs in liver before reaching target organ

40
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How a drug causes an effect

41
Q

Receptor

A

Drug specific target

42
Q

Agonist

A

Drug producing same response as imitated substance

43
Q

Antagonist

A

Inhibits natural body substances or other drugs by blocking receptor sites

44
Q

Compatible/incompatible drugs

A

Compatible: don’t react with each other
Incompatible: drugs that react with each other in undesired way

45
Q

Additive

A

Drugs with similar effects given together to maximize effect

46
Q

Synergistic

A

Drugs that react with each other to increase effect

47
Q

Drugs can be affected by food ex

A

Warfarin and vitamin K (leafy greens, green vegetables)

48
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Decreased physiological response to a drug bc of repeated administration

49
Q

Physiological dependence

A

Biochemical changes in body leading to physical requirements in order to continue normal functioning, stopping drug = withdrawal symptoms

50
Q

Obstacles to pt adherence

A
  1. Pt education
  2. Pt attitude (afraid of side effects)
  3. Self care ability/motivation
  4. Finances
51
Q

Time critical meds

A
  1. Scheduled opioids
  2. Immunosuppressive agents
  3. Meds administered apart from other meds
  4. Meds require within specific time w meals (ex insulin)
52
Q

Medication responsibilities for nurses

A
  1. Know scope of practice
  2. Assess pt prior to administering
  3. Recognize unsafe situations for administrations (hold and notify)
  4. Double check high alert meds
  5. Teaching on meds and side effects
  6. Perform rights and checks
  7. Monitor therapeutic and adverse effects post drug
  8. Follow policies for controlled substances
  9. Report critical incidents

Nursing Hospital Adult (8 decks)

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