Intro to pharm Flashcards
(63 cards)
pharmacology
-Study of how drugs interact with body to produce therapeutic effects
-Effect of drugs on living systems
-Complex science that requires
knowledge of biochem,
physio, orgo and molecular bio
drug
-Anything used to treat, dx or prevent disease
-What’s in a name? (Ex – Tylenol):
-Chemical name: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
-Generic: acetaminophen
-Brand (commercial): Tylenol
-Abbreviation: APAP
-Classification of drugs:
-May be based on structure, mechanism of action or the effects it produces
drug control and development
-1906 – Pure Food and Drug Act
-1938 – Food, Drug and Cosmetic
Act
-New drug Application (NDA) – must be
submitted to FDA before drug can be
marketed
-1962 – Efficacy data required
clinical testing of drugs
-phase 1 – clinical pharmacology
-Phase II – clinical investigations
-Phase III – clinical trials
-Phase IV – post marketing studies
drug measurement
-metric system
-apothecary system
-avoirdupois system
metric equivalents
-1 gram = 1000 mg
-1mg = 1000 mcg
-1 mL = 1cc
-kg, g, mg, mcg
-L, mL, cc
apothecary system
-1 ounce = 30cc = 30 mL = 30g
-1 dram = 4 mL
-1 grain = 60 mg
-grain= gr
-dram = dr
-nitroglycerin 1/150 gr = 400 mcg or 0.4 mg
-ferrous sulfate 5 gr = 300 mg
household measurement
-1 cup (C) = 240 cc = 8 oz
-1 tsp = 5 cc * = 5 ml
-1 tbsp = 15cc * = 15 ml
-drop = gtt
pharmacodynamics
-Biochemical & physiological effects
of drugs and mechanisms of action
(MOA)
-*** What a drug does to the body –
how they work
-dose response curve- action increases as concentration increases- S curve
pharmacokinetics
-Study of how the body absorbs,
distributes, metabolizes and
excretes drugs
-Pharmacokinetics is what the body
does to the drug
-95% of drugs are systemically
distributed
-pharmacokinetics can change based on dose, race -> genetic testing when nothing works
pharmacotherapeutics
-Prevention and treatment of
disease
-Risk-benefit ratio* -> how safe is a drug:
-Used to describe adverse effects
of drug in relation to its beneficial
effects
-Acceptability of ratio depends on severity of disease being
treated
toxicology
-study of poisons (recognition,
treatment, prevention)
-Drugs:
-Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or side
effects (SEs) at therapeutic doses
-Toxicity at higher doses
-Chemicals –> not used in therapy
(household, industrial, environmental,
drugs of abuse)
teratology
-study of monsters
-how drugs taken during pregnancy can cause fetal morphology
-ex. retinols (accutane) category x
-category A, B, C, D, X (worst) -> some drugs can change category based on trimester
therapeutic index (TI)
-TI – margin of safety
-ED- effective dose- lowest dose with effect
-you want a large range -> antibiotics
-In animals LD50/ED50 -> lethal dose / effective dose
-In humans TD1/ED1 -> Minimum toxic dose/minimum therapeutic dose
-Drugs with a high TI are “safe”
-Drugs with a low TI are “not safe” –
usually require therapeutic blood level
monitoring
-ex: digoxin, lithium, AMG, vanco,
phenytoin, carbamazipine, warfarin
how do drugs work
-site of action for drug is receptors
-Receptor may be: membrane,
membrane protein, cytoplasmic or
extracellular enzyme
-Drug binding site: proteins,
glycoproteins or lipoproteins
-Specificity – receptor must be able to
recognize a drug for it to work
-Lock & Key - drug-receptor complex
-Drug-receptor complex – produce a biochemical or physiological response
effects of drug binding
-Release of neurotransmitter
-Release of hormone
-Release endogenous chemicals
-Change electrical potential
-Changes membrane permeability
-Cause cascade effect
duration of action
-one a day- long duration of action
-4 times a day- short duration of action -> low affinity to receptor
agonists
-drugs that combine with a receptor and activates that receptor
-produces the same response as an
endogenous chemical
-stimulates the release of an endogenous chemical
-Has affinity for a receptor and efficacy
(intrinsic activity)
-ex. epinephrine – adrenergic agonist
antagonist
-Drug that combines with receptor
used by an endogenous chemical and
BLOCKS or diminishes the response of the endogenous agent
-Drug that combines with a receptor and INHIBITS the release of an endogenous compound.
-Drug that INTERCEPTS the signal
generated by an endogenous agent.
-ex. atropine – cholinergic
antagonist
agonist/antagonist (both)
-Partial agonist –> has affinity but low
efficacy
-butorphenol (Stadol) u & k activity
-Competitive Antagonism – agonist and antagonist compete for the same
receptor site
-Non-competitive antagonism – agonist and antagonist bind at different sites on the same receptor
-low doses it works -> high doses it loses effects
-often pain pills
potency vs efficacy
-Potency: If the dose of drug A is
less than drug B to achieve the
same response –> Drug A is more
potent (1mg vs. 100mg)
-high dose drugs are not potent
-Efficacy: The magnitude of the
maximum effect (predefined) -> relative to a person -> maximal effect in a person
tolerance-what changes?
-Reduced response to the same
dose or increased dose needed for
the same response
-Change in receptor sensitivity
-Change in pharmacokinetics of
drug
-Usually happens slowly, depends
on the drug, some do and some
don’t.
-ex: Narcotics, Nitroglycerin
dependence
-Don’t confuse tolerance with
dependence or addiction
-Need for the drug- psychological or physiological
placebo effect
-psychological response
-well designed clinical trial will contain a placebo group
