Intro to Pharm Flashcards
Drug
Drug: Any chemical that can affect living processes
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their interactions with the living systems
Clinical Pharmacology
the study of drugs in human
Therapeutics also known as “Pharmacotherapeutics”
The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent , or treat diseases or to prevent pregnancy; The medical use of drugs
What’s the perfect drug?
Effectiveness: the most important property
Safety: risk benefits ratio
Selectivity: it does what it wants it to do
Additional properties of Ideal drug: Predictability, ease of administration, freedom from drug interaction, low cost, chemical stability, possession of a simple genetic name.
Define Antimicrobial Drug:
The point of an anti microbial drug is to kill microorganism
Pharmacokinetics
The characteristic interactions of a drug and the body in terms of its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Factors Affecting Drug Response
Prescribed dose - Administration
There is room for medicaid Errors and poor patient adherence - ( the extent to which patients take medication as prescribed by a healthcare provider.)
To prevent patient poor adherence:
A nurse should provide the patient with complete instructions about their medication and how to take it.
Factors Affecting Drug response:
Administer dose: Pharmacokinetics
The absorption, the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the medication/drug
Factors Affecting Drug Response:
Concentration at Sites of Action —> Pharmacodynamics
Drug receptor interaction, Patient’s functional state, placebo effect
Individual Variation: Influences pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to determine the patient’s response to a drug.
Physiological variables: Age, gender, and weight
Pathologics variables: function of the kidney and liver (major organs of drug elimination
the 10 R’s - Right of Medication administration:
Right drug, right patient, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation, right assessment, right evaluation, rights to education, and rights to refusal.
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy - pre-administration assessment
Pre-administration assessment: beings with patient assessment: 1. collecting baseline data - to evaluate therapeutics and adverse (ex: if we plan to give a blood pressure medication we must assess the blood pressure before treating) 2. identifying high-risk patients: allergies, kidney or liver failure, pregnancy and age. 3. Assess patient’s capacity for self care
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: Dosage and administration
indication, for example: Aspirin is given in low dosages to relieve pain and in high dosages to suppress inflammation. If too little aspirin is given with pain, it will not help the pain. route: orally, injection, ointment, , math calculations, read medical orders, identify the patient, read medication label
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: Therapeutics effects
implementing non-drug measures: for example: drug therapy of Asthma through breathing exercises. evaluation of response and promotion of adherence
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: minimizing adverse effects:
All drugs have a potential to produce undesirable effects: to reduce those effects know 1. what major adverse effects the drug can produce, 2. when the effects occur, 3. what are the sign that effects are occurring, 4. what interventions can minimize harm.
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: minimizing adverse interactions:
patients taking two or more drugs, those drugs may interact with one another to diminish the effects or intensify the adverse effects:
Throughout drug history - like over the county and herbal and supplement medication
be alert for unknown interactions
monitor for adverse effects that are known to occur
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: PNR decisions
PNR “Pro re nata” means as needed.
Medication order that the nurse has discretion regarding when to give a drug and how much to give: the Decision lies in the Nurse.
PNR drugs usually promote sleep, relieve pain, and reduce anxiety
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: Evaluation to Medication
Evaluation is one of the most important aspects of drug therapy
this tells wether the drug is producing benefit or harm
Application of Pharmacology in Patient care: * aspects of drug therapy: Managing Toxicity
must know the early signs of toxicity and the procedure for toxicity management.
Patient Education
Drug name and therapeutic category: Penincillin:antibiotics
-dosage and dosing schedule
-route and technique of administration
-expected therapeutic response
-duration of treatment
-symptoms
-drug adverse
promoting therapeutic effects: the patient must know the nature and time of when the medication is expected to benefit the effect.
Minimizing adverse effects: knowledge of adverse effects.
The Nursing Process in drug therapy:
ANPIE
A- assess: collecting data about the patient
N-nursing diagnosis: analyzing data in the database
P-plan: plans specific interventions
I-implement: Carrying out the interventions while identified during planning
E-evaluate: evaluating the outcome of treatment
Randomized Controlled Trial: The most reliable way to assess drug therapy
3 distinguishing features: Use of control, randomization, and Blinding.
Control use: subjects reaching either the standard drug or the placebo are referred to as the control.
Randomized: subjects are randomly assigned to either the control group or experimental group
Blinding: blinding study is one in which the people involved do not know which group control or experimental individual subjects have been randomized. Single blinding: only subjects have been blinded and double blinding is when the researcher and the individual are also blinded.
