Intro to pathology/Epidemiology Flashcards
What is pathology
The study of cause, progression and impact of disease
MCChifth
What are the 8 subdivisions of pathology
Histopathology, cytopathology, forensic pathology, haemotology, immunology, chemical pathology, toxicology, microbiology McChifth
What is epidemiology
Incidence, prevelance and population distribution of disease
Aetiology
Cause of the disease
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events in cells or tissues in response to cause
It’s what goes on behind the signs and symptoms. The step by step story
Morphology
Structural changes in cells or tissues in response to cause
signs and symptoms
physical manifestations
Define health
A state of complete physical, social and mental well being - and not just absence of disease or infirmity
Disease
Harmful deviation from normal structure or function
PHID
4 types of disease
physiological, hereditary, Infectious, deficiency.
disease impacts
Homeostasis and 3 types of cell communication - nervous system, endocrine and local signalling
Disease iceberg concept
Death
Severe disease
Mild illness
Infection with no symptoms
Exposure with no infection
Structural disease
- definition -Anatomical and physical abnormalities
- cause -Damage to tissues or organs
- Diagnosis - Xrays,MRI,Biopsy
- Types - x3
* Genetic
* Injury & inflammatory disease.
* Hyperplasia & neoplasia
Tumours,
Obstructions (asthma, vascular, GIT),
Ruptures (aneurysms bld vessels weaken and bulge),
Loss of healthy tissue (ulcers, infarctions (blockage e’g stoke).
Functional disease
- definition -No visible lesions / abnormalities
- Cause - physiological or functional changes - dysfunction in how organ/system works
- Diagnosis - labtesting for appropriate biomarkers, or reliance on interpretation of signs & symptoms.
Arguably more important as, over time, will result in structural changes to tissues.
- Excessive production of cell products (mucous, hormones, etc).
- Insufficient production of cell products (hormones, etc.).
- Impaired function (muscle, nerve, etc).
Pathophysiology
Study of causes leading to changes. Pathogeneis morphology and signs and symptoms.
Causes of disease
Genetic, environmental or multifactoral
Genetic disease
Autosomal - recessive or dominant. At birth or though genetic mutation. Monosomal or polysomal. Downs, Turners syndrome, cystcic fibrosis
Environmental disease
Infection, chemical or physical
Infectious disease ( an e.g of an environmenal disease)
Transmission may be horizontal (person to person), vertical (mother to foetus) or both.
May also be direct (contact with source) or indirect (contact with source via an intermediate vehicle).
Variety of vectors for infection.
Specific characteristics of infections determined by:
Host responses.
Infective agent properties.
Chemical diseases (e.g of an environmental disease))
May be due to environmental pollutants, industrial & domestic materials, drugs
Effects -corrosion of tissues, altered metabolic pathways, cell membrane injury, allergic hypersensitivity reactions and neoplastic changes.
Biggest environmental factors causing disease smoking & alcohol.
May give rise to mutagenic effects changing the structure of chromosomes
Teratogenic affect embryogenesis and lead to malformations.
Carcinogenic leading to tumourogensis.
Name the 7 types of infectious disease
bacteria, virus, helminth, protazoa, fungi, yeasts, prions
Physical diseases ( Environmental)
Obvious and direct tissue damage.
May be mechanical, thermal and radiation.
Thermal damage - burns, frostbite. However, may effect whole body as in hypothermia or heatstroke.
Radiation – e.g. sunburn to melanoma.
Disease classification (TAPPAE)
Topographic (region or system), anatomical (tissue or organ), Physiological (function),Pathalogical (disease process), Aeitiological (cause), Epidemiological (stastical)
Descriptive epidemiology*
Describing the distribution of diseases.
Person, place time.
WHO WHERE WHEN
