Intro to pathology and immunology

Question 1

what is immunology?

Question 2

what is pathology

Question 3

define aetiology

Question 4

define morphology

Question 5

define pathogenesis

Question 6

define sequelae

Question 7

provide an example of common oral-related pathologies

Answer 7

Oral cancer,
Periodontitis

Question 8

what is the surgical sieve

Question 9

why is the surgical sieve important

Question 10

name the four main organs of the immune system

Answer 10

thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen

Question 11

what are the four main organs of the immune system connected by

Answer 11

lymphatic system

Question 12

name the two branches of the immune system

Answer 12

innate immunity - first line of defence
adaptive immunity - specific and acquired

Question 13

what does humeral mean

Answer 13

liquid or fluid

Question 14

what time frame does the first line of defence work (innate immunity)

Answer 14

1-4 days

Question 15

what time frame does the 2nd line of defence work (adaptive immunity)

Answer 15

4-10 days
repeat infections met immediately with strong/specific response

Question 16

what is inflammation

Question 17

name the 4 stages of inflammation

Answer 17

initiation - response to harmful agents
progression - containment of harmful agents
amplification - modulation of immune response
resolution - healing (acute inflammation) failure to resolve (chronic inflammation)

Question 18

what are monocytes

Answer 18

circulate in blood as precursors called monocytes
They migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

Question 19

what are macrophages

Answer 19

early responders to infection or tissue damage
phagocytose and present antigen

Question 20

function of mast cells

Answer 20

granulocytes
early responses to infection or tissue damage
- critical when it comes to allergic reactions (best known)

• protect against pathogens (parasitic worms)

Question 21

function of neutrophils (most important)

Answer 21

• phagocytic granulocytes (combination of mast cells and macrophages)
• circulate in blood and move into tissue when required
• contain numerous granules (intracellular vesicles)

NETS neutrophil extracellular traps - trap microorganisms

Question 22

NK cells

Answer 22

myeloid origin
Natural killer cells are large with granules

recognise kill abnormal cells.tumours/viral infected cells
‘holding back’ virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in

Question 23

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) functions

Answer 23

non-cytotoxic members of NK cell family

ICL1, ICL2,ICL3s

Question 24

Dendritic cell functions

Answer 24

several types (Langerhans cells)

• antigen presentation (present in epithelium
• Bridging innate and adaptive immunity
• activate T cell and B cells

Question 25

provide examples of adaptive immune cells

Answer 25

T cells and B cells

Question 26

where do the T cells mature

Answer 26

Thymus (T)

Question 27

function of B cells

Answer 27

produce antibodies