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DMS 211: Abdominal Sonography > Intro To Pathology > Flashcards

Intro To Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A
  • The scientific study of disease

- measurable changes in normal structure and function

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2
Q

Disease

A

Any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Refers to the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as MANIFESTATIONS

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4
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the cause of a disease

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5
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Reactions are adverse responses to medical treatment itself (e.g. a collapsed lung that occurs in response to a complication that arises during arterial line placement)

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6
Q

Idiopathic

A

Has no causative factor. Nobody knows why and how the person got the disease.

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7
Q

Symptom

A

Refers to the patient’s perception of the disease.

  • subjective, only the patient can identify the manifestations
  • ex: headache
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8
Q

Sign

A
  • an objective manifestation that is detected by the physician during examination
  • Ex: fever, swelling, and skin rash
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9
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

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10
Q

Asymptomatic

A

When a disease process, especially in early stages, doesn’t produce symptoms

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11
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The physiology of abnormal states specifically: the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • internal stability of the human body
  • any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival
  • if homeostasis is successful, life continues: if unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues
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13
Q

Acute

A

Abrupt onset of severe symptoms that runs a short course (<6months)

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14
Q

Chronic

A

Disease that develops slowly or intermittently (>6 months)

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15
Q

Inflammation

A

Refers to the body process of destroying, diluting, or walling off a localized injurious agent

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16
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Too high WBC

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17
Q

Leukopenia

A

Too low WBC

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18
Q

Infection

A

An inflammatory process caused by exposure to some disease-causing organism

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19
Q

Signs of infection

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • heat
  • pain
  • fever
  • pus
  • enlarged lymph nodes
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20
Q

Symptoms of infection

A
  • Fever
  • headache
  • body aches
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • delirium
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21
Q

Modes of transmission

A
  • direct physical contact
  • indirect physical contact
  • inhalation or droplet
  • ingestion of contaminated food or water
  • inoculation by an insect or animal
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • fungi
  • Protozoa
22
Q

Amount of chromosomes in each cell

A

23 pairs

23
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic code in each cell

24
Q

Genetic disease is produced by:

A
  • abnormality in or a mutation of the genetic code in a single gene
  • several abnormal genes
  • abnormal presence or absence of an entire chromosome
  • alteration in the structure of the chromosomes
25
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

One mutated copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant disorder

  • some cases, affected person inherited the condition from an affected parent
  • other cases, the condition may result from a new mutation in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family
  • ex: Marfans syndrome
26
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Typically not seen in every generation of an affected family.
Ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease

27
Q

Neoplasm

A

Refers to mass that has developed due to abnormal cell or tissue growth.

  • can be benign or malignant
  • characterized according to the cell type and tissue of origin
28
Q

Benign tumors

A

Develop slowly and can arise from any tissue

-complications arise from the compression of the tumor

29
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Variable in appearance, have the ability to invade the surrounding tissue, leading to metastasis

30
Q

Tumor growth

A

Can be external or internal factors

31
Q

External

A

Exposure to chemicals, radiation, viruses

32
Q

Internal

A

Hormones, immune conditions, and inherited mutations

33
Q

Tumor markers

A

Some tumor cells produce and secrete substances
-can have clinical value when found in lab work
-Ex: calcitonin: medullary thyroid cancer
CA 125: ovarian cancer
Alpha fetoprotein: germ cell tumors

34
Q

Staging a tumor

A
  • reflects his big tumor is and the spread

- TNM system

35
Q

TNM System

A

Most widely used cancer staging system

  • T: refers to size and extent of the main tumor
  • N: refers to the # of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer
  • M: refers to whether cancer has metastasized
  • numbers after each letter that give details about cancer
36
Q

Primary tumor

A

The main tumor

-(T)

37
Q

Metastasized

A

Means that cancer has spread from the primary tumor to the other parts of the body

38
Q

T in TNM

A
  • (T) is primary tumor
  • TX: main tumor can’t be measured
  • T0: main tumors cannot be measured
  • T1,T2,T3,T4: refers to size and/or extent of main tumor. The higher the # after the T, the larger the tumor or more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
39
Q

N in TNM System

A

-N: regional lymph nodes
-N0: there is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
-N1,N2,N3: refers to number and locationOf lymph nodes that contain cancer.
–The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contains cancer

40
Q

M in TNM System

A
  • distant metastasis
  • MX: metastasis can’t be measured
  • M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
  • M1:Cancer has spread to other parts of the body
41
Q

Diagnosis

A

Determination and identification of a disease an individual is believed to have
-A decision making process (Data from medical history, physical exam, diagnostic tests)—These steps create a logical basis for determining treatment and prognosis

42
Q

Prognosis

A

Future outcome of the disease

predicted outcome

43
Q

Data from medical history

A
  • Patient interview
  • Family history
  • Predisposing factors
  • Drug allergies
  • Pre-existing conditions
  • Current therapies
  • Onset and nature of present illness
44
Q

Physical exam

A
  • Observation a measurement of vital signs
  • Auscultation (listening)
  • Palpitation (feeling)
  • Percussion (tapping that produces vibration and sound)
45
Q

Diagnostic tests

A 
Labs
Diagnostic imaging test
EKG
Holter monitor
Pulse oximeter
Endoscopy
Pulmonary function test
Genetic testing
Polysomnography
And more……
46
Q

Atrophy

A

A generalized decrease in cell size

Example: when muscle cells decrease in size after the loss of innovation and use

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

A generalized increase in cell size
Example: if the aortic valve is diseased, then the left ventricle enlarges because of the increased muscle mass needed to pump blood into the aorta

48
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue as a result of excessive proliferation
Example: an estrogen-secreting ovarian tumor causing endometrial epithelial cells to multiply is an example of hyperplasia

49
Q

Metaplasia

A

The conversion of one so type into another cell type that is not normal for that tissue
Example: epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of a smoker undergo metaplasia as a response to the chronic irritation from the chemicals in the smoke

50
Q

Dysplasia

A

Refers to abnormal changes of mature cells. Individual cells within a tissue vary in size, shape, and color, and they are often non-functional. Dysplastic adaptations are considered pre-cancerous and our most commonly associated with neoplasms within the reproductive system in the respiratory tract

51
Q

Ultrasound evaluation

A 
Size
Shadowing
Contour
Enhancement
Echogenicity
Artifacts
52
Q

What to avoid

A
  • Poor equipment
  • Inappropriate transducer
  • Incorrect gain settings
  • Inadequate prep
  • Poor exam technique
  • Failure to recognize pathology
  • Failure to recognize normal anatomy

DMS 211: Abdominal Sonography (2 decks)

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