Intro to pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between general and systemic pathology?

A

General: study of basic responses of cells/ tissues to insults and injuries irrespective of the organ involved.
Systemic: study of alterations in specialised organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs

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2
Q

What is anatomic pathology?

A

Examination of tissues taken during life (biopsy) or after death (necropsy). Examines the nature/ extent of the disease.

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3
Q

What is clinical pathology?

A

Examination of blood (and other bodily tissues) as well as cytology during life.

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4
Q

What are the 4 aspects of disease?

A

1) Aetiology: cause of disease
2) Pathogenesis: mechanisms of disease development
3) Molecular and morphologic changes: biochemical/ structural alterations induced in cells and organs
4) Clinical manifestation: functional consequences of molecular and morphologic changes

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5
Q

Discuss the internal/ external causes of disease

A

Internal: aging/ immunologic defects/ genetic defects

External:
Agents- physical/ chemical/ biological
Deficiencies- nutritional/ external

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6
Q

What is meant by molecular changes?

A

Biochemical alterations in tissues/ cells (morphologic means the structural changes)

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7
Q

What are the major processes of pathology?

A
  • inflammation
  • healing
  • thrombosis
  • neoplasia
  • metabolic dysfunction
  • necrosis
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8
Q

What is the definition of inflammation?

A

Vascular response of the tissues and interstitium. Designed to SEQUESTER, DILUTE and DESTROY the causal agent

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9
Q

What is the definition of neoplasia? (very briefly)

A

-Very simply it is a mass of uncontrolled cells

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10
Q

What is meant by metabolic dysfunction?

A

Abnormalities/ imbalances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism in the cell. Leads to accumulation of glycogen/ fat/ proteins.

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11
Q

What is the definition of ‘diagnosis’?

A

Conclusion concerning the NATURE, CAUSE or NAME of a disease.
(accuracy of diagnosis is limited by evidence of lesions available for study)

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12
Q

What are the types of diagnosis?

A
  • Clinical
  • Clinical pathologic
  • Morphologic
  • Aetiologic
  • Disease
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13
Q

What are the methods used to reach a diagnosis?

A
  • Morphology
  • Molecular biology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics
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14
Q

Describe Macroscopic examination of morphologic changes

A
  • Observed by unaided eye

- Deviations in size/ colour/ texture/ location from normal organs and tissues

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15
Q

Describe microscopic examination of morphologic changes

A

-Light microscopy: histopathology (often using stains)
-Electron microscopy: transmission EM (2D- shows internal cell structure)
Scanning EM (3D- resticted to cell surface)

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16
Q

What are the molecular method involved in reaching a diagnosis?

A
  • PCR
  • Genomics (DNA sequencing)
  • Proteomics
  • Immunological approaches
17
Q

What is PM autolysis?

A

Self digestion after death

18
Q

What is the definition of putrefaction?

A

Colour/ texture changes/ gas production and odours caused by PM bacterial metabolism and dissolution of host tissues. (remember mainly bacterial)

19
Q

List the changes that occur after death

A
  • Rigor mortis
  • Algor mortis
  • Livor mortis (hypostatic congestion)
  • PM clotting
  • Pseudomelanosis
  • Bloating
  • Softening
  • Lens opacity
20
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

Depletion of ATP and glycogen - the cross links formed from contracting muscles cannot be broken.
It is dependant on the temperature of both the animal and the environment

21
Q

What is algor mortis?

A

Gradual cooling of the liver

22
Q

What is liver mortis?

A

Gravitational pooling of blood down on side of the animal, the patterns visible can be used to help determine the position of the animal at death. Normal process.

23
Q

What is PM clotting?

A

Occurs in the heart and BV. Within several hours of death.

24
Q

What is haemoglobin imbibition and bile imbibition

A
  • Haemoglobin: red staining of tissue, the integrity of BV walls is lost to haemoglobin is released
  • Bile: bile from the gallbladder penetrated wall and stains adjacent tissue yellow/ brown
25
What is pseudomelanosis?
-Blue green discolouration of the tissue by iron sulphide (FeS). It is involved with putrefaction NOT autolysis.
26
What causes PM bloating?
-Result of PM bacterial gas formation in the lumen of the GI tract
27
What causes PM softening?
softening of tissue results from autolysis of cells and CT often aided by putrefactive bacteria
28
What causes PM lens opacity?
Occurs when the carcass is very cold or frozen. Often reverses as body warms.