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Histopathology Lec > Intro to Pathology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Latin term for pathology? What does the term mean as a whole? when dissected?

A

Pathologia = A treatise of a disease

  • Pathos = Disease
  • Logos = Treatise
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2
Q

What is the Greek term for pathology? What does the term mean when dissected?

A

Pathologikos

  • Pathos = Suffering
  • Logia = Study
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3
Q

Pathology is also known as

A

Pathobiology

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4
Q

What does treatise mean?

A

Collection/ compilation of description of various diseases

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5
Q

What does suffering mean?

A

Disease that caused the feeling of suffering/ absence of well-being

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6
Q

Arrange the history by order

A
  1. Anisim
  2. Humors
  3. Morbid Anatomy
  4. Cellular Pathology
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7
Q

What is Pathology?

A

Form of science, branch of medicine, testing samples, diagnose physical health problems from their evidence

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8
Q

What type of medicine is Pathology?

A

Evidence based medicine

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9
Q

Where was the term Anisim derived from?

A

Onisimos = Greek

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10
Q

Explain Anisim

A

Orthodox = Saint/ Apostle

  • Brings goodluck/ fortune
  • Absence is punishment
  • Disease is suffering = Punishment from God/ Consequence from devil
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11
Q

What is a Humor

A

A disease

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12
Q

Explain Humors

A

Consequence of deficiency/ excess body fluid

- e.g. Deficiency of blood = succumb to ailment; excess = edema

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13
Q

Who is the father of medicine and in which time in history did he arise?

A

Hipocrates; during Humor

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14
Q

Why is it called morbid anatomy?

A

Study of diseases were largely based on dissecting cadavers/ dead bodies

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15
Q

What happened in morbid anatomy?

A

First microscopic invented; Cells were examined; Post mortems and gross pathology (300BC)

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16
Q

Who created the first microscopic device? When was it created? What happened after?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek (17th Cent); First person to examine cells under the ancient microscopic invention

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17
Q

Who is the father of (modern) pathology? When did he come into popularity?

A

Rudolf Virchow (19th Cent)

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18
Q

What did the father of (modern) pathology do and during when in history?

A

Rudolf Virchow defined pathology based on the microscopic study of cells during Cellular Pathology

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19
Q

What happened during the rest of the history of pathology?

A

Pathology was based on the changes observed from cells that can only be seen under the microscope

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20
Q

What is “The Anatomy Lesson”

A

Art by Rembrandt commissioned by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp in mid 15th Cent and is housed in the Hague, the Netherlands

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21
Q

What does “The Anatomy lesson” signify

A

Depicts the period of morbid anatomy wherein examinations based on the portrait is done on executed criminals

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22
Q

What is another definition for Pathology?

A

Study of the nature, causes, processes,
development, consequences of disease and the
modifications in cellular function and changes in
cellular structure produced in any cell, organ, or
part of the body by disease.

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23
Q

What did Virchow say about pathology?

A

Disease originates at the observations made in the cellular level

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24
Q

What possible cons did the development of microscope have during its time?

A

Cellular disturbances may arise; e.g. from molecule alteration influencing cell survival/ behavior

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25
Q

What is modern pathology?

A

The study of molecular abnormalities; Understanding the cellular and molecular abnormalities that give rise to disease

26
Q

What does the Greek term pathogenesis mean when dissected? as a whole?

A

Pathos = Suffering
Genesis = Creation
- Development of disease and chain of events leading to the disease
- Study of biological mechanism/s leading to the disease state

27
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Explains physiological processes wherein condition develops and progresses; Defines functional changes associated resulting from disease or injury

28
Q

What describes an abnormal condition?

A

Pathology

29
Q

What is a pathologist?

A
  • Studies all aspects of a disease
  • Emphasis on the
    nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from disease processes
  • Specializes in the interpretation and
    diagnoses of the gross, microscopic, and molecular
    cause by disease in the body
  • Laboratory specialist behind the front-line clinical team
30
Q

What is a medical technologist?

A

Performs diagnostic analysis on human blood, urine, and body fluids such as cerebral spinal fluid, peritoneal, pericardial, and synovial, as well as other specimens such as stool, sputum, etc.

31
Q

What is the sub-category under a medical technologist? What is their function in the laboratory?

A

Histopathologist = Specializes in histopathologic technique; Get the title “HT” by the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

32
Q

What is a biopsy?

A
  • Examination of cells or tissues from a living organism
  • Studied in order to diagnose disease or to confirm findings of normality (Excision)
  • Tumors are routinely biopsied in order to determine whether they are benign or malignant
33
Q

What are the 2 types of biopsy? Differentiate and explain.

A
  • Incision Biopsy = Partial removal of small tissue portion in the form of wedges, cylindrical pieces, cores, punch, or scrapings; Sample is only a representation portion of lesion interest
  • Excision Biopsy = Wide local incision to surgically remove tumor and some normal tissue around it
34
Q

What is the desirable and undesirable sample using a wedge form in incision biopsy?

A 
Desirable = Narrow w/ normal tissue
Undesirable = Broad and shallow
35
Q

What is the brand name of a core form in incision biopsy?

A

Trucut

36
Q

What factors determine the size of normal tissue removed using excision biopsy?

A

The normal tissue (surgical margin) depend on size, histopathologic type, and thickness of tumor

37
Q

What is the Greek term for Autopsy? What does the term mean as a whole? when dissected?

A

Autopsia

  • Autos = Oneself
  • Opsis = Sight/ View
  • To see for oneself
  • Greeks believe that the soul can look behind and see how that person looks
38
Q

Describe Autopsy

A
  • Systematic examination of a cadaver for study or for determining the cause of death.
  • Uses many methodical procedures to determine the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, for epidemiologic purposes, for establishment of genetic causes, for family counsel, and for improvement of safety standards for the living
39
Q

What are the other terms for Autopsy

A

Also called necropsy, postmortem examination, abduction, and autopsia cadaverum (Latin)

40
Q

Important dates to remember about the UST hospital

A

1964 - First UST hospital bldg
1990s - Benavides Cancer Center
July 4, 2019 - UST Hospital Inaguration(11 story St. John Paul II bldg) by Very Rev. Fr. Bruno F. Cadore, O.P. - Grand chancellor from Italy

41
Q

Where can we find the department of Anatomic Pathology in UST Hospital?

A

Lower ground floor of St. John Paull II bldg

42
Q

Proper receiving of specimens

A

Identification
Labeling
Logging / Recording
Fixation - Should be submerged in Formalin

43
Q

Assisting in the gross cutting of specimens

A
  • Jots down gross description of the specimen for
    examination
  • Prepares corresponding number tag for each
    specimen
44
Q

Assist loading of the tissue processor

A

Dehydration
Clearing
Paraffin infiltration
Embedding

45
Q

Sakura® carousel-type automatic tissue

processor with paraffin wax infiltration con

A

Chemical smell contaminates room

46
Q

What is Kedee KD-TS6A Automatic Tissue Processor

A

Newer carousel type

47
Q

What is the function of Thermo scientific Histostar® automatic tissue embedding center

A

Embedding/ blocking; tank with molten/ liquid paraffin; constant steady heating temp to keep liquid state
*Cold plate next to it to help solidify paraffin through freezing temp

48
Q

What is the function of tissue cassette

A

Where specimens are placed

49
Q

What is the function of embedding mold (stainless steel)

A

Paraffin and tissue placed to solidify

50
Q

Microtomy

A 
Block orientation
Rough cutting, soaking, and chilling
Ribboning
Floatation
Oven-drying
51
Q

What is a Leica® CM1860 UV freezing microtome (cryostat)

A
  • Rapid Frozen Section(RFS)
  • Prepare slide sections for the demonstration of fats and lipids using unfixed tissues
  • Prepare slide sections for immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) using unfixed tissues
52
Q

What is the Sanyo Ultra-low tissue bank freezer

A

For freezing tissues like cancer specimens for future studies

53
Q

Staining

A

Haematoxylin & Eosin
Papanicolaou
Special stains
Immunhistochemistry

54
Q

Last 4 duties of an intern

A

VII. Coverslipping or slide mounting
VIII. Labeling
IX. Reagent and Solution preparation
X. Filing of slides and blocks

55
Q

12 areas in the department of anatomic pathology

A
  • Gross specimen examination and cutting area
  • Tissue and slide processing, Microtomy / Staining area
  • Reception / Clerical area
  • Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) room
  • Frozen section and Cytopathology room
  • Fluorescence microscopy room (for renal and skin biopsies)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Tissue banking storage facility
  • Slide archival, chemical and storage rooms
  • Consultant / Residents / Histotechnologists working areas
  • Office of the Chairman and Chief Medical Technologist
  • Post-mortem examination (Autopsy) / Morgue
56
Q

Roche Ventana Benchmark II immunohistochemistry tissue processor is difficult to use because?

A

It has many containers as compared to an open tissue processing machine

57
Q

What type of pathology interprets and diagnoses diseases

A

Physician/ Clinical Pathology

58
Q

What type of pathology examines the gross, microscopic, and molecular cause of disease

A

Anatomic pathology

59
Q

What type of pathology is the post-mortem examination

A

both clinical and anatomic pathology

60
Q

Some expected skills to learn as an intern

A
  • Gross identification of anatomic specimens
  • Embedding
  • Microtomy
  • Staining, Mounting, and Labeling
  • Solution preparation and dilution

Histopathology Lec (1 decks)

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