Intro to Pathology Flashcards
What is the Latin term for pathology? What does the term mean as a whole? when dissected?
Pathologia = A treatise of a disease
- Pathos = Disease
- Logos = Treatise
What is the Greek term for pathology? What does the term mean when dissected?
Pathologikos
- Pathos = Suffering
- Logia = Study
Pathology is also known as
Pathobiology
What does treatise mean?
Collection/ compilation of description of various diseases
What does suffering mean?
Disease that caused the feeling of suffering/ absence of well-being
Arrange the history by order
- Anisim
- Humors
- Morbid Anatomy
- Cellular Pathology
What is Pathology?
Form of science, branch of medicine, testing samples, diagnose physical health problems from their evidence
What type of medicine is Pathology?
Evidence based medicine
Where was the term Anisim derived from?
Onisimos = Greek
Explain Anisim
Orthodox = Saint/ Apostle
- Brings goodluck/ fortune
- Absence is punishment
- Disease is suffering = Punishment from God/ Consequence from devil
What is a Humor
A disease
Explain Humors
Consequence of deficiency/ excess body fluid
- e.g. Deficiency of blood = succumb to ailment; excess = edema
Who is the father of medicine and in which time in history did he arise?
Hipocrates; during Humor
Why is it called morbid anatomy?
Study of diseases were largely based on dissecting cadavers/ dead bodies
What happened in morbid anatomy?
First microscopic invented; Cells were examined; Post mortems and gross pathology (300BC)
Who created the first microscopic device? When was it created? What happened after?
Van Leeuwenhoek (17th Cent); First person to examine cells under the ancient microscopic invention
Who is the father of (modern) pathology? When did he come into popularity?
Rudolf Virchow (19th Cent)
What did the father of (modern) pathology do and during when in history?
Rudolf Virchow defined pathology based on the microscopic study of cells during Cellular Pathology
What happened during the rest of the history of pathology?
Pathology was based on the changes observed from cells that can only be seen under the microscope
What is “The Anatomy Lesson”
Art by Rembrandt commissioned by Dr. Nicolaes Tulp in mid 15th Cent and is housed in the Hague, the Netherlands
What does “The Anatomy lesson” signify
Depicts the period of morbid anatomy wherein examinations based on the portrait is done on executed criminals
What is another definition for Pathology?
Study of the nature, causes, processes,
development, consequences of disease and the
modifications in cellular function and changes in
cellular structure produced in any cell, organ, or
part of the body by disease.
What did Virchow say about pathology?
Disease originates at the observations made in the cellular level
What possible cons did the development of microscope have during its time?
Cellular disturbances may arise; e.g. from molecule alteration influencing cell survival/ behavior
What is modern pathology?
The study of molecular abnormalities; Understanding the cellular and molecular abnormalities that give rise to disease
What does the Greek term pathogenesis mean when dissected? as a whole?
Pathos = Suffering
Genesis = Creation
- Development of disease and chain of events leading to the disease
- Study of biological mechanism/s leading to the disease state
What is pathophysiology?
Explains physiological processes wherein condition develops and progresses; Defines functional changes associated resulting from disease or injury
What describes an abnormal condition?
Pathology
What is a pathologist?
- Studies all aspects of a disease
- Emphasis on the
nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes that result from disease processes - Specializes in the interpretation and
diagnoses of the gross, microscopic, and molecular
cause by disease in the body - Laboratory specialist behind the front-line clinical team
What is a medical technologist?
Performs diagnostic analysis on human blood, urine, and body fluids such as cerebral spinal fluid, peritoneal, pericardial, and synovial, as well as other specimens such as stool, sputum, etc.
What is the sub-category under a medical technologist? What is their function in the laboratory?
Histopathologist = Specializes in histopathologic technique; Get the title “HT” by the American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
What is a biopsy?
- Examination of cells or tissues from a living organism
- Studied in order to diagnose disease or to confirm findings of normality (Excision)
- Tumors are routinely biopsied in order to determine whether they are benign or malignant
What are the 2 types of biopsy? Differentiate and explain.
- Incision Biopsy = Partial removal of small tissue portion in the form of wedges, cylindrical pieces, cores, punch, or scrapings; Sample is only a representation portion of lesion interest
- Excision Biopsy = Wide local incision to surgically remove tumor and some normal tissue around it
What is the desirable and undesirable sample using a wedge form in incision biopsy?
Desirable = Narrow w/ normal tissue Undesirable = Broad and shallow
What is the brand name of a core form in incision biopsy?
Trucut
What factors determine the size of normal tissue removed using excision biopsy?
The normal tissue (surgical margin) depend on size, histopathologic type, and thickness of tumor
What is the Greek term for Autopsy? What does the term mean as a whole? when dissected?
Autopsia
- Autos = Oneself
- Opsis = Sight/ View
- To see for oneself
- Greeks believe that the soul can look behind and see how that person looks
Describe Autopsy
- Systematic examination of a cadaver for study or for determining the cause of death.
- Uses many methodical procedures to determine the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, for epidemiologic purposes, for establishment of genetic causes, for family counsel, and for improvement of safety standards for the living
What are the other terms for Autopsy
Also called necropsy, postmortem examination, abduction, and autopsia cadaverum (Latin)
Important dates to remember about the UST hospital
1964 - First UST hospital bldg
1990s - Benavides Cancer Center
July 4, 2019 - UST Hospital Inaguration(11 story St. John Paul II bldg) by Very Rev. Fr. Bruno F. Cadore, O.P. - Grand chancellor from Italy
Where can we find the department of Anatomic Pathology in UST Hospital?
Lower ground floor of St. John Paull II bldg
Proper receiving of specimens
Identification
Labeling
Logging / Recording
Fixation - Should be submerged in Formalin
Assisting in the gross cutting of specimens
- Jots down gross description of the specimen for
examination - Prepares corresponding number tag for each
specimen
Assist loading of the tissue processor
Dehydration
Clearing
Paraffin infiltration
Embedding
Sakura® carousel-type automatic tissue
processor with paraffin wax infiltration con
Chemical smell contaminates room
What is Kedee KD-TS6A Automatic Tissue Processor
Newer carousel type
What is the function of Thermo scientific Histostar® automatic tissue embedding center
Embedding/ blocking; tank with molten/ liquid paraffin; constant steady heating temp to keep liquid state
*Cold plate next to it to help solidify paraffin through freezing temp
What is the function of tissue cassette
Where specimens are placed
What is the function of embedding mold (stainless steel)
Paraffin and tissue placed to solidify
Microtomy
Block orientation Rough cutting, soaking, and chilling Ribboning Floatation Oven-drying
What is a Leica® CM1860 UV freezing microtome (cryostat)
- Rapid Frozen Section(RFS)
- Prepare slide sections for the demonstration of fats and lipids using unfixed tissues
- Prepare slide sections for immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) using unfixed tissues
What is the Sanyo Ultra-low tissue bank freezer
For freezing tissues like cancer specimens for future studies
Staining
Haematoxylin & Eosin
Papanicolaou
Special stains
Immunhistochemistry
Last 4 duties of an intern
VII. Coverslipping or slide mounting
VIII. Labeling
IX. Reagent and Solution preparation
X. Filing of slides and blocks
12 areas in the department of anatomic pathology
- Gross specimen examination and cutting area
- Tissue and slide processing, Microtomy / Staining area
- Reception / Clerical area
- Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) room
- Frozen section and Cytopathology room
- Fluorescence microscopy room (for renal and skin biopsies)
- Immunohistochemistry
- Tissue banking storage facility
- Slide archival, chemical and storage rooms
- Consultant / Residents / Histotechnologists working areas
- Office of the Chairman and Chief Medical Technologist
- Post-mortem examination (Autopsy) / Morgue
Roche Ventana Benchmark II immunohistochemistry tissue processor is difficult to use because?
It has many containers as compared to an open tissue processing machine
What type of pathology interprets and diagnoses diseases
Physician/ Clinical Pathology
What type of pathology examines the gross, microscopic, and molecular cause of disease
Anatomic pathology
What type of pathology is the post-mortem examination
both clinical and anatomic pathology
Some expected skills to learn as an intern
- Gross identification of anatomic specimens
- Embedding
- Microtomy
- Staining, Mounting, and Labeling
- Solution preparation and dilution
