Intro to Patho/Cellular Changes

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

Study and diagnosis of disease

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of living organisms

Question 3

Pathophysiology

Answer 3

Study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings

Question 4

Etiology

Answer 4

Study of the causes or reasons for phenomena

Question 5

Idiopathic

Answer 5

Unknown cause

Question 6

Iatrogenic

Answer 6

Nosocomial

Question 7

Multifactorial

Answer 7

Multiple etiologic factors

Question 8

Pathogenesis

Answer 8

Development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease

Question 9

Risk Factors

Answer 9

Increase likelihood of disease

Modifiable vs non modifiable

Question 10

Triggers

Answer 10

Promote the onset of manifestations in someone who already has the disease

Question 11

Symptoms

Answer 11

Subjective feelings of abnormality

Ex: headache

Question 12

Signs

Answer 12

Objective or observed manifestations

Ex: BP, cuts

Question 13

Syndrome

Answer 13

Set of signs and symptoms not yet determined

Question 14

Remissions

Answer 14

Symptom-free

Question 15

Exacerbations

Answer 15

Flare up of symptoms

Question 16

Incidence

Answer 16

of NEW cases in a time period

Question 17

Prevalence

Answer 17

of existing cases in a time period

Question 18

Reliability

Answer 18

Same results when repeated

Question 19

Validity

Answer 19

Measuring what you’re trying to measure

Question 20

Sensitivity

Answer 20

Correctly identifies a condition - TP

= TP / (TP + FN)

Question 21

Specificity

Answer 21

Correctly excludes a condition - TN

= TN / (TN + FP)

Question 22

Point Prevalence

Answer 22

of cases in a defined population / # of persons in a defined population at the same time

Question 23

Incidence Risk

Answer 23

of new cases / # of disease-free people at the beginning of the time period

Question 24

Incidence Rate

Answer 24

of new cases of disease in a given time period / total person-time at risk during the follow up period

Question 25

True Positive

Answer 25

Sick people correctly identified as sick

Question 26

False Positive

Answer 26

Healthy incorrectly identified as sick

Question 27

True negative

Answer 27

Healthy people correctly identified as healthy

Question 28

False negative

Answer 28

Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy

Question 29

PPV = positive predictive

Answer 29

How often you will get a positive test correct | TP / (TP + FP)

Question 30

NPV = negative predictive

Answer 30

How often you will get a negative test correct | TN / (TN + FN)

Question 31

What cellular change does GERD cause?

Answer 31

Metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium

Question 32

What cellular change does Smoking cause in the trachea?

Answer 32

Metaplasia

Question 33

Metaplaisa

Answer 33

Mature cell type replaced by ANOTHER mature cell type

Question 34

Dysplasia

Answer 34

Changes in everything; size, shape, uniformity, etc. - Cells become more immature - Precancerous

Question 35

What condition causes hyperplasia?

Answer 35

Ex: Gingival hyperplasia

Question 36

Reversible cell types

Answer 36

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 37

Irreversible cell types

Answer 37

Anaplasia and Neoplasia

Question 38

Anaplasia + Anaplaisa =

Answer 38

Neoplasia

Question 39

Neoplasia =

Answer 39

Tumor

Question 40

Apoptosis - what is it, and does it cause inflammation?

Answer 40

An intracellular cascade that activates cellular suicide response. No inflammation

Question 41

Irreversible types of cell injury

Answer 41

Apoptosis and Necrosis

Question 42

Reversible cell injury

Answer 42

Swelling, intracelular accumulations

Question 43

What correctly identifies a disease?

Answer 43

Sensitivity

Question 44

What correctly excludes a disease?

Answer 44

Specificity

Question 45

What is typically the first manifestation of most forms of reversible cell injury?

Answer 45

Hydropic swelling due to malfunction of the Na/K pump --> salt goes in --> water follows --> incease in cell size

Question 46

How do free radicals cause damage?

Answer 46

- Lipid peroxidation (attacks fat) | - Attacks proteins, disrupting the transport channels

Question 47

Necrosis

Answer 47

Tissue destruction due to ischemia or toxic injury, leading to cell rupture, spilling of contents, and inflammation

Question 48

What is released with liquefactive necrosis and what do they do?

Answer 48

Lysosomal enzymes consume healthy tissue

Question 49

Which type of necrosis could cause cyst formation

Answer 49

Liquefactive

Question 50

Trauma to the adipose tissue causes...

Answer 50

Fat necrosis

Question 51

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 51

Lung damage secondary to TB; clumpy cheese appearance

Question 52

Gangrene

Answer 52

Larger necrosis

Question 53

What are 2 characteristic of dry gangrene?

Answer 53

- Line of demarcation between blackened tissue and healthy tissue - SLOW spread

Question 54

What form of necrosis is wet gangrene?

Answer 54

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 55

What are 2 characteristics of wet gangrene

Answer 55

- Found in internal organs (no line of demarcation) | - FAST spread

Question 56

Gas Gangrene

Answer 56

Results from Clostridium

Question 57

What is characteristic of gas gangrene?

Answer 57

Formation of gas bubbles in the damaged tissue