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PARASITOLOGY > Intro to parasitology > Flashcards

Intro to parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

the area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another

A

PARASITOLOGY

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2
Q

organisms that obtain its food and shelter from another organism and derive all the benefits from the association

A

PARASITE

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3
Q

he organism that provides physical protection an nourishment to the parasite

A

HOST

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4
Q

It is the close association between the host and the parasite; both are so dependent on each other that one cannot live without the help of the other.

A

Symbiosis

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5
Q

two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other.

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

parasite derives benefit from the host and always causes injury to the host.

A

Parasitism

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7
Q

an association that is beneficial to both the parasite and the host in which one can still survive even without the other

A

Mutualism

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8
Q

parasite living inside the body of a host

A

Endoparasite

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9
Q

the presence of an

endoparasite on a host is called

A

infection

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10
Q

parasite living outside the body of a host

A

Ectoparasite

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11
Q

he presence of an

ectoparasite on a host is called

A

infestation

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12
Q

classification of parasites

A

according to habitat

according to effect on host

according to mode of living

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13
Q

cause injury by its mechanical, traumatic or toxic activities

A

Pathogenic

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14
Q

derives benefits to the host without causing any damage

A

Non-pathogenic

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15
Q

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their
development and to propagate their species

A

Obligate

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16
Q

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need
arises or under favorable or appropriate circumstances

A

Facultative

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17
Q

a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it

does not ordinarily live

A

Accidental or Incidental

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18
Q

free living during part of existence and seeks only its host

intermittently to obtain nourishment

A

Temporary

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19
Q

remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life

A

Permanent

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20
Q

free-living organism that passes through the digestive

tract without infecting the host

A

Spurious or Coprozoic

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21
Q

It harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite. It may be human or non-human living things

A

Final or Definitive Host

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22
Q

It harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite.

A

Intermediate Host

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23
Q

harbors the early larval stage of the parasite

A

First Intermediate Host

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24
Q

harbors the infective larval stage of the parasite

A

Second Intermediate Host

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25
Q

They allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and become additional sources of infection to other susceptible hosts

A

Reservoir Host

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26
Q

Is the one in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host

A

Paratenic Host

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27
Q

The host which is naturally infected with certain species of the parasites

A

Natural Host

28
Q

The host in which the parasite is not usually found

A

Accidental Host

29
Q

They are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another.

A

VECTOR

30
Q

transmit the parasite after it has completed its development within the
host, thus it is an essential part of the parasite’s life cycle

A

Biologic Vector

31
Q

it only transports the parasite

A

Mechanical or Phoretic Vector

32
Q

harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms.

A

carrier

33
Q

is the process of inoculating an infective agent.

A

Exposure

34
Q

is the time between exposure to the parasite and the appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms.

A

clinical incubation period

35
Q

s the development of the parasite in a particular host and the demonstration of the parasite in the different specimens

A

biological incubation period

36
Q

results when an infected individual becomes his own source of infection

A

Autoinfection

37
Q

happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite.

A

Superinfection or hyperinfection

38
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES

A
  1. Source of infection
  2. Effective mode of transmission and portal of entry and exit
  3. Presence of susceptible host
  4. Successful entry of the infective stage of the parasite to the host
39
Q

infection is transmitted from one infected man to another is called

A

anthroponoses

40
Q

most common source of infection

A

Contaminated soil and water and foods

41
Q

The

condition where infection is transmitted from animals to humans is called

A

zoonoses

42
Q

These parasites require further development in the soil before they become infective

A

Soil Transmitted Group (STH – Soil Transmitted Helminths)

43
Q

These parasites require further development within the body of snails which serves as their intermediate host before they become infective

A

Snail Transmitted Group

44
Q

The parasites are transmitted from one host to another by a vector

A

Arthropod Transmitted Group

45
Q

These parasites require further development in the flesh of some animals that man consume

A

Animal/Food Transmitted Group

46
Q

Person to person transmission, wherein the parasites require no further development and are readily infective

A

Contact Transmitted Group

47
Q

Transmission of infection from one host to another is caused by a certain form of the parasite known as

A

the infective stage

48
Q

modes of transmission

A

oral route

penetration of the skin and mucous membrane

sexual contact

inhalation

Transplacental

49
Q

all the developmental stages of the parasites are completed in one single host. Change of host is only required to propagate the parasite in the community.

A

Simple Life Cycle

50
Q

parasite requires two different hosts, one definitive
host and another is intermediate host to complete their life cycle. Some parasites require two intermediate hosts aside from one definitive host

A

Complex/Complicated Life Cycle

51
Q

pathogenesis of parasitic disease is a ________

and depends on the complex interaction of of a variety of what factors?

A

is a dynamic process

host & parasite factors

52
Q

host factors

A
  1. Nutritional status of the host, whether malnutrition or under nutrition
  2. Immune status of the host
  3. Immune response to parasitic infection
  4. Presence or absence of co-existing disease or other physiological condition such as
    pregnancy
  5. The age and the level of immunity at the time of infection
53
Q

Parasitic Factors

A
  1. Site of attachment of the parasite
  2. Size of the parasite
  3. Number of invading parasites
  4. Parasite strain, whether pathogenic or not
  5. Growth, development and multiplication of parasites inside the human body and their
    metabolic products.
54
Q

is the most effective treatment for parasitic infections

A

antihelminthic drugs

55
Q

Refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination after deworming

A

Cure Rate

56
Q

it is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming

A

Egg Reduction Rate (ERR)

57
Q

Involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or based on presumptive grounds, it is used particularly in a defined risk group

A

Selective Treatment

58
Q

Group-level deworming where the risk group maybe defined by age, sex or other social characteristics irrespective of infection status

A

Targeted Treatment

59
Q

Population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status or other social characteristics

A

Universal Treatment

60
Q

Refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

A

Coverage

61
Q

his method of diagnosis is based on the recognition of the

characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection of disease.

A

Clinical Diagnosis

62
Q

hindrance in clinical diagnosis

A

a. low prevalence of major clinical signs
b. late development of clinical signs
c. lack of specificities of clinical signs
d. occurrence od asymptomatic carriers

63
Q

this method is based on the identification of the parasite in different specimens

A

Laboratory Diagnosis

64
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis depends on:

A

a. morphological recognition of the parasite in relevant specimen (parasitic diagnosis)
b. immunological tests (immunodiagnosis)
c. molecular diagnosis
d. imaging methods

65
Q

prevention and control

A

Morbidity Control

Information – Education – Communication (IEC)

Environmental Management

Environmental Sanitation

PARASITOLOGY (2 decks)

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