Intro to Pain and Healing Process

Question 1

electrical stimulation and iontophoresis are examples of…

Answer 1

electrical energy

Question 2

ultraviolet energy is an example of…

Answer 2

electromagnetic energy

Question 3

cold packs, hot packs, whirlpools, and paraffin are examples of…

Answer 3

thermal energy

Question 4

ultrasound & laster is what type of energy

Answer 4

sound

Question 5

massage, compression, traction are examples of what type of energy

Answer 5

mechanical energy

Question 6

when there is localized edema, there is localized…

Answer 6

vasodilation

Question 7

what is prolonged during the chronic inflamm.

Answer 7

inflamm phase fails to progress to the fibroplastic repair

Question 8

what is not associated with chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

cardinal signs of inflammation

Question 9

what is meissner’s corpuscles for?

Answer 9

light touch

Question 10

what is pacinian corpuscles for?

Answer 10

deep pressure

Question 11

what is merkle’s corpuscles for?

Answer 11

deep pressure

hair follicle deflecion

Question 12

what is ruffini’s corpuscles for?

Answer 12

skin: touch, tension, and heat

joint capsule & ligamnet: change in position

Question 13

what is a thermoreceptor called?

Answer 13

Krause’s end bulbs

Question 14

what are the nerve endings that respond to mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy?

Answer 14

nociceptors

Question 15

name these receptors: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs that respond to changes in length and tension muscle.

Answer 15

proprioceptors

Question 16

name this receptor: responds when stimulus is increasing or decreasing.

Answer 16

phasic receptors

Question 17

name this receptor: responds to stimulus as long as the stimulus is present.

Answer 17

tonic receptors

Question 18

describe this phenomenom: decrease in generator potential and decrease of frequenecy with a prolonged stimulation/frequently used or repeated stimulation.

Answer 18

adaptation/accomodation phenomenom

Question 19

name the nociceptors that respond to specific noxious stimuli.

Answer 19

Adelta and C fibers

Question 20

which receptors are larger in diameter?

Answer 20

A-alpha and A-beta

Question 21

which neurotransmitter blocks pain messages in efferent pathways?

Answer 21

serotonin

Question 22

what neurotransmitter inhibits the depolarization of 2nd order nociceptive nerve fibers?

Answer 22

enkephalin

Question 23

what is the cycle of nociception?

Answer 23

injury to cell –> release of prostaglandin & bradykinin –> stimulates nociceptors –> pain response

Question 24

which nociceptor is there greater amount of?

Answer 24

C fibers

Question 25

which nociceptors are used for fast pain that are well localized?

Answer 25

Adelta fibers

Question 26

which nociceptors are used for slow pain which are poorly localized?

Answer 26

C fibers

Question 27

describe what type of hyperalgesia this is: nociceptor depolarization threshold lowered causing more pain

Answer 27

primary hyperalgesia

Question 28

Describe what type of hyperalgesia this is: chemicals spread throughout the surrounding tissues, increasing the size of the painful area and hypersensitivity

Answer 28

secondary hyperalgesia

Question 29

where do A delta and C fibers synapse?

Answer 29

substantia gelatinosa

Question 30

what are the main processes of the gate control theory?

Answer 30

A-beta afferents stimulate the SG in the dorsal horn –> SG inhibit synaptic transmission the A-delta and C fibers –> pain impulses are never transmitted to the 2nd order neurons

Question 31

where is B endorphin released?

Answer 31

from the hypothalamus to the PAG

Question 32

for the descending control theory, what mainly inhibits second order neuron synapse?

Answer 32

enkephalin

Question 33

what modality decreases the nociceptive input of adelta and c fibers?

Answer 33

cooling