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Biomechanics > Intro to Orthopedics > Flashcards

Intro to Orthopedics Flashcards

1
Q

Referred pain

A

pain perceived at a site adjacent to or distant from the site of origin
example: pain brought on from myocardial ischemia … angina pectoris, arm pain, neck pain

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2
Q

Radiating pain

A

pain that moves from the original area outwards to another part of the body
example: arm and shoulder pain from facet irritation at C5

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3
Q

Radicular Pain (radiculitis)

A

pain along the dermatomal distribution of a nerve root due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve root … example: sciatica from irritation of L5 nerve root

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4
Q

Radiculopathy

A

spinal nerve root irritation along the distribution of a that leads to pain, numbness or muscle weakness and may be associated with trophic changes or muscle atrophy. Usually detected by abnormal deep tendon reflexes, muscle strength or sensory tests.

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5
Q

What 3 basic questions must be asked about pain?

A

Location - Where is the pain?
Quality of Pain - what it feels like
Severity of Pain - how bad is it?

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6
Q

Viscerl vs. musculoskeletal

A 
Visceral pain (more referred/diffuse)
Painful area: 1 - 2 fingers (musculoskeletal) vs. broad area (visceral)
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7
Q

Origin of visceral vs. musculoskeletal pain

A

visceral pain … pain originating from visceral dysfunction (generally organs) • somatic pain… pain originating from somatic dysfunction (generally
musculoskeletal)

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8
Q

Trauma

A
  • many times musculoskeletal pain has no mechanism that the patient can identify
  • sometimes the mechanism is an easily identifiable major trauma such as a fall or motor vehicle collision
  • sometimes the mechanism is minor repetitive trauma such as from use of a keyboard or repetitive work related activities
  • usually visceral pain will not have an easily identifiable mechanism of injury
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9
Q

Onset of Pain

A
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10
Q

Provocation …

A

• aggravation of musculoskeletal pain is usually related to

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11
Q

Palliation …

A

• musculoskeletal pain is usually relieved by …

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12
Q

Quality of Pain …

A

• most visceral pathology has pain that is …

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13
Q

Orthopedic Interviewing

A

Takes place regionally

Common Signs and Symptoms with Possible Causes …

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14
Q
  1. Pain with isometric contraction …
A

• the muscle being contracted is injured or irritated

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15
Q
  1. Pain with passive stretching …
A

• injury to either ligaments, muscle, or tendon
• if passive stretching in one direction is painful and active isometric
contraction in the opposite direction is painful, the injury is probably muscular and/or tendinous

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16
Q
  1. Pain in a muscle belly with direct pressure …
A

• trigger point, tendonitis or muscle strain

17
Q
  1. Pain with joint distraction, gapping or shearing …
A

• articular or ligamentous injury

18
Q
  1. Pain in a joint with compression of the joint…
A

• cartilagenous injury

19
Q
  1. Painless crepitus …
A

• Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), congenital deformity, muscle spasms
Crepitus: grinding, usually fine

20
Q
  1. Painful crepitus …
A

• Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD) - deeper grinding than painless.

21
Q
  1. Tender areas of muscle belly with referred pain …
A

• trigger points (TrPs) … TrPs have consistent referral patterns that are well-documented

22
Q
  1. Tenderness directly over the joint line …
A

• ligamentous injury

23
Q
  1. Tenderness at muscle origin and insertion …
A

• chronically weak muscles

24
Q
  1. Chapman’s reflexes that are exquisitely tender, grainy or frankly painful …
A

• active Chapman’s reflexes (neurolymphatic reflexes)

25
Q
  1. Pain (at rest) along a meridian or at its alarm point …
A

• often indicates deficient chi in that channel

26
Q
  1. Tenderness (to palpation) along a meridian or at its alarm point …
A

• often indicates excessive chi in that channel

27
Q
  1. Pain on either side of a spinous process …
A

• probable joint dysfunctions at that level

28
Q
  1. Tenderness of a muscle belly that decreases with a passive shortening of the muscle …
A

• muscle strain

Biomechanics (6 decks)

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