Intro to organics (6) Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made of only hydrogen and carbon/
What is a functional group?
Group of atoms which gives an organic compound its characteristic properties and reactions.
Homologous series definition:
Family of compounds which all contain the same functional group and each member contains one CH2 unit more than the last.
Empirical Formula?
The smallest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
Molecular formula:
Actual number of each element in one molecule.
Structural formula:
Shows minimal detail of which atoms or groups of atoms are attached to each other in a molecule or compound.
Displayed formula:
Drawing of bonding between each atom.
What are structural isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
What are Chain Isomers?
Structural isomers with different chains of carbon atoms.
What are Position Isomers?
Structural isomers which have different positions of the same functional group.
What are functional group isomers?
Structural isomers which have different functional groups.
What is an addition reaction?
Where unsaturated molecules add together to form a single product.
What is a Substitution reaction?
Where a saturated molecule looses one atom or group which is then replaced by another atom or group.
What is an elimination reaction?
A reaction which produces unsaturated products by the removal of atoms or a group of atoms from adjacent carbons.
Define hydrolysis:
A reaction where a compound splits apart in a reaction involving water.
State two ways in which an alkene can be hydrogenated:
Room temperature with a Platinum or Palladium catalyst.
150 degrees C with a nickel catalyst.
Define polymerisation:
A reaction in which small molecules called monomers join together to form a giant molecule called polymers.
What colour are [Cr2O7]2- ions and what colour are [Cr]3+?
Orange and green
How to make a chloroalkane from an alcohol?
PCl5 or conc. HCl for a tertiary alcohol.
How to make a bromooalkane from an alcohol?
React with HBr (made in situ via NaBr and H2SO4)
How to make a Iodooalkane from an alcohol?
PI3 (made in situ from I2 and P4)
How to form Alcohol from Haloalkane?
NaOH in water (nu. substitution)
How to form a Ketone from an alcohol?
Secondary alcohol and heat under reflux (Liebig condenser) with excess [K2Cr2O7]- and H2SO4.
How to form an aldehyde from an alcohol?
Primary alcohol and heat with distillation with limited reagents [K2Cr2O7]- and H2SO4.
How to form a carboxylic acid from alcohol?
Primary alcohol and heat under reflux with excess reagents [K2Cr2O7]- and H2SO4.
How to form an alkene from an alcohol?
Heat with concentrated H3PO4
How to form an alcohol from an alkene?
H3PO4 /H20 (Electrophilic addition)
Alkane from an alkene?
H2 with a nickel/Pd catalyst (Hydrogenation)
Haloalkane from an alkane?
F.R. substitution (U.V) light.
Alkene to Dibromo alkane?
e+ of Br2 (electrophilic addition).
Alkene to a Diol?
KmNO4 in acidic conditions.
Amine from haloalkane?
Ammonia in ethanol.
Nitrile from haloalkane?
KCN in ethanol
Hydroxy nitrile from ketone and what mechanism?
Ketone and Cyanide, nucleophilic attack from the CN-
Hydroxyacid from Hydroxynitrile?
+ 2H2O in acidic conditions
Haloalkane to an alkene?
dil. NaOH in hot ethanol (elimination)
Two ways of making an amine from a nitrile?
2H2 with a Ni catalyst
or
Li+[AlH4]- in dry ether and dil HCl
