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Organic Chemistry 1 > Intro to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are aliphatic compounds?

A

Hydrocarbon molecules which have single, double or triple bonds. Can be straight, branched or cyclic. Sometimes we use R to show the aliphatic part of a compound (e.g. ROH for alcohol)

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2
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

A

Organic molecules which contain a delocalised ring of electrons. The simplest is benzene.

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3
Q

What are the roots for molecules with a chain length of 8?

A

1: Meth-
2: Eth-
3: Prop-
4: But-
5: Pent-
6: Hex-
7: Hept-
8: Oct-

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4
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

No double bonds between carbons.

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5
Q

What does unsaturated mean?

A

That there are double bonds between carbons.

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6
Q

What is the suffix for an alkane?

A

-ane

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7
Q

What is the suffix for an alkene?

A

-ene

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8
Q

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

A

-ol

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9
Q

What is the suffix for a ketone?

A

-one

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10
Q

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

A

-al

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11
Q

What is the suffix for for a nitrile?

A

-nitrile

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12
Q

What is the suffix for an amine?

A

-amine

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13
Q

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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14
Q

What is the suffix for an ester?

A

-oate

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15
Q

What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?

A

-oyl chloride

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16
Q

What is the priority order of suffixes?

A

1 - Carboxylic Acids
2 - Esters
3 - Acyl chlorides
4 - Nitriles
5 - Aldehydes
6 - Ketones
7 - Alcohols
8 - Amines
9 - Alkenes
10 - Alkanes

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17
Q

What is the functional group of alkanes?

A

C-C

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18
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes?

A

C=C

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19
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

C-OH

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20
Q

What is the functional group of ketones?

A

C-C(=O)-C

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21
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

A

C(=O)-H

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22
Q

What is the functional group of nitriles?

A

C(triple bond)N

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23
Q

What is the functional group of amines?

A

C-NH2

24
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

C(=O)-OH

25
Q

What is the prefix for fluorine?

A

Fluoro-

26
Q

What is the prefix for chlorine?

A

Chloro-

27
Q

What is the prefix for bromine?

A

Bromo-

28
Q

What is the prefix for iodine?

A

Iodo-

29
Q

What is the prefix for hydroxyl (OH)?

A

Hydroxy-

30
Q

What is the prefix for CH3?

A

Methyl-

31
Q

What is the prefix for C2H5?

A

Ethyl-

32
Q

What is the prefix for C3H7?

A

Propyl-

33
Q

What is the prefix for C4H9?

A

Butyl-

34
Q

What is the priority order of prefixes?

A

Alphabetical.

35
Q

In IUPAC nomenclature, numbers should be separated from numbers by what?

A

A comma.

36
Q

In IUPAC nomenclature, numbers should be separated from words by what?

A

A hyphen.

37
Q

If more than one of the same groups is present what can be used to indicate this?

A

2 of them: Di-
3 of them: Tri-
4 of them: Tetra-

38
Q

What does the prefix ‘cyclo’ indicate?

A

That the compound has a cyclic ring structure.

39
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic chemicals with the same functional group.

40
Q

What characteristics do members of a homologous series have in common?

A

Similar chemical properties.

41
Q

How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?

A

Physical properties (change with chain length)

42
Q

Describe and explain the melting and boiling point in a homologous series.

A

Melting and boiling points increase with chain length. With a longer chain length, there are more atoms, therefore stronger van der waals forces, which require more energy to overcome, resulting in a higher melting point and boiling point.

43
Q

Why do branched chain members of a homologous series have lower melting points and boiling points than straight chain compounds with the same molecular mass?

A

Branching gives a lower surface area for intermolecular forces, therefore taking less energy to overcome, resulting in a lower melting point and boiling point.

44
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

When compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

45
Q

What are ‘stereoisomers’?

A

Same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement in 3d space.

46
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers and what do they mean?

A
  • Chain (when there is more than one way of arranging the carbon atoms in the longest chain)
  • Positional (same chain + functional group, but functional group is attached at a different point on the carbon chain)
  • Functional group ( same molecular formula but different functional groups)
47
Q

What are the 2 types of stereoisomers?

A
  • Optical
  • E/Z
48
Q

Which homologous series is isomeric with alkenes?

A

Cycloalkanes.

49
Q

Which homologous series is isomeric with alcohols?

A

Ethers.

50
Q

Which homologous series is isomeric with the aldehydes?

A

Ketones.

51
Q

Which homologous series is isomer with the carboxylic acids?

A

Esters.

52
Q

What does a single headed curly arrow represent in mechanisms?

A

The movement of a single electron.

53
Q

What does a double headed curly arrow represent in mechanisms?

A

The movement of an electron pair.

54
Q

What is heterolytic bond fission?

A

Breaking bonds where 1 atom gets both electrons.

55
Q

What is homolytic bond fission?

A

Breaking bonds where both atoms get 1 electron.

56
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A chemical species that donates a lone pair.

57
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A chemical species that a lone pair attacks.

Organic Chemistry 1 (6 decks)

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