Intro to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What are aliphatic compounds?

Answer 1

Hydrocarbon molecules which have single, double or triple bonds. Can be straight, branched or cyclic. Sometimes we use R to show the aliphatic part of a compound (e.g. ROH for alcohol)

Question 2

What are aromatic compounds?

Answer 2

Organic molecules which contain a delocalised ring of electrons. The simplest is benzene.

Question 3

What are the roots for molecules with a chain length of 8?

Answer 3

1: Meth-
2: Eth-
3: Prop-
4: But-
5: Pent-
6: Hex-
7: Hept-
8: Oct-

Question 4

What does saturated mean?

Answer 4

No double bonds between carbons.

Question 5

What does unsaturated mean?

Answer 5

That there are double bonds between carbons.

Question 6

What is the suffix for an alkane?

Answer 6

-ane

Question 7

What is the suffix for an alkene?

Answer 7

-ene

Question 8

What is the suffix for an alcohol?

Answer 8

-ol

Question 9

What is the suffix for a ketone?

Answer 9

-one

Question 10

What is the suffix for an aldehyde?

Answer 10

-al

Question 11

What is the suffix for for a nitrile?

Answer 11

-nitrile

Question 12

What is the suffix for an amine?

Answer 12

-amine

Question 13

What is the suffix for a carboxylic acid?

Answer 13

-oic acid

Question 14

What is the suffix for an ester?

Answer 14

-oate

Question 15

What is the suffix for an acyl chloride?

Answer 15

-oyl chloride

Question 16

What is the priority order of suffixes?

Answer 16

1 - Carboxylic Acids
2 - Esters
3 - Acyl chlorides
4 - Nitriles
5 - Aldehydes
6 - Ketones
7 - Alcohols
8 - Amines
9 - Alkenes
10 - Alkanes

Question 17

What is the functional group of alkanes?

Answer 17

C-C

Question 18

What is the functional group of alkenes?

Answer 18

C=C

Question 19

What is the functional group of alcohols?

Answer 19

C-OH

Question 20

What is the functional group of ketones?

Answer 20

C-C(=O)-C

Question 21

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

Answer 21

C(=O)-H

Question 22

What is the functional group of nitriles?

Answer 22

C(triple bond)N

Question 23

What is the functional group of amines?

Answer 23

C-NH2

Question 24

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

Answer 24

C(=O)-OH

Question 25

What is the prefix for fluorine?

Answer 25

Fluoro-

Question 26

What is the prefix for chlorine?

Answer 26

Chloro-

Question 27

What is the prefix for bromine?

Answer 27

Bromo-

Question 28

What is the prefix for iodine?

Answer 28

Iodo-

Question 29

What is the prefix for hydroxyl (OH)?

Answer 29

Hydroxy-

Question 30

What is the prefix for CH3?

Answer 30

Methyl-

Question 31

What is the prefix for C2H5?

Answer 31

Ethyl-

Question 32

What is the prefix for C3H7?

Answer 32

Propyl-

Question 33

What is the prefix for C4H9?

Answer 33

Butyl-

Question 34

What is the priority order of prefixes?

Answer 34

Alphabetical.

Question 35

In IUPAC nomenclature, numbers should be separated from numbers by what?

Answer 35

A comma.

Question 36

In IUPAC nomenclature, numbers should be separated from words by what?

Answer 36

A hyphen.

Question 37

If more than one of the same groups is present what can be used to indicate this?

Answer 37

2 of them: Di- 3 of them: Tri- 4 of them: Tetra-

Question 38

What does the prefix 'cyclo' indicate?

Answer 38

That the compound has a cyclic ring structure.

Question 39

What is a homologous series?

Answer 39

A family of organic chemicals with the same functional group.

Question 40

What characteristics do members of a homologous series have in common?

Answer 40

Similar chemical properties.

Question 41

How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?

Answer 41

Physical properties (change with chain length)

Question 42

Describe and explain the melting and boiling point in a homologous series.

Answer 42

Melting and boiling points increase with chain length. With a longer chain length, there are more atoms, therefore stronger van der waals forces, which require more energy to overcome, resulting in a higher melting point and boiling point.

Question 43

Why do branched chain members of a homologous series have lower melting points and boiling points than straight chain compounds with the same molecular mass?

Answer 43

Branching gives a lower surface area for intermolecular forces, therefore taking less energy to overcome, resulting in a lower melting point and boiling point.

Question 44

What are structural isomers?

Answer 44

When compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

Question 45

What are 'stereoisomers'?

Answer 45

Same molecular and structural formula but a different arrangement in 3d space.

Question 46

What are the 3 types of structural isomers and what do they mean?

Answer 46

- Chain (when there is more than one way of arranging the carbon atoms in the longest chain) - Positional (same chain + functional group, but functional group is attached at a different point on the carbon chain) - Functional group ( same molecular formula but different functional groups)

Question 47

What are the 2 types of stereoisomers?

Answer 47

- Optical - E/Z

Question 48

Which homologous series is isomeric with alkenes?

Answer 48

Cycloalkanes.

Question 49

Which homologous series is isomeric with alcohols?

Answer 49

Ethers.

Question 50

Which homologous series is isomeric with the aldehydes?

Answer 50

Ketones.

Question 51

Which homologous series is isomer with the carboxylic acids?

Answer 51

Esters.

Question 52

What does a single headed curly arrow represent in mechanisms?

Answer 52

The movement of a single electron.

Question 53

What does a double headed curly arrow represent in mechanisms?

Answer 53

The movement of an electron pair.

Question 54

What is heterolytic bond fission?

Answer 54

Breaking bonds where 1 atom gets both electrons.

Question 55

What is homolytic bond fission?

Answer 55

Breaking bonds where both atoms get 1 electron.

Question 56

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 56

A chemical species that donates a lone pair.

Question 57

What is an electrophile?

Answer 57

A chemical species that a lone pair attacks.