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AS Chemistry > Intro To Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Intro To Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule of a compound

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2
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

The ratio of each atom present in the molecule of a compound

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3
Q

What is structural formula?

A

A formula which gives information about the way the atoms in a molecule are connected and arranged in a space

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4
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Shows every bond and atom and the arrangement of atoms

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5
Q

What is steletal formula?

A

Shows a shorthand representation of the molecular structure

-Zigzags where every bend is 1 C atom

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6
Q

What are the rules of nomenclature

A
  • Number of carbons (e. g. meth, eth, prop)
  • Functional group e.g. C =c is “ene”, - oh is “ol”, - cooh is “oic acid”
  • Start with lowest number for functional group and longest chain with functional group
  • same substituent occur more than once:di,tri,tetra
  • 2 or more different substituent: alphabetical order
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7
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

Breaking a covalent bond whereby each atom acquires one electron producing free radicals

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8
Q

What is a free radical?

A

An atom or group with an unpaired electron formed from the homolytic fission of a covalent bond and are very reactive

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9
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

Breaking of a covalent bond whereby one atom acquires both electrons and the other none, producing positive and negative charged ions

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10
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Anions or molecules with a lone pair of electrons and are attracted to electron deficient sites
-E.g. Cn-, br-, H2O, NH3

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11
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Species which are electron deficient and are attracted by the electron rich sites
-Eg.H+,Cl+,

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12
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A
  • involves 2 molecules joining together to form a single new molecule
  • usually involves reactions with unsaturated compounds
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13
Q

What happens in a substitution reaction?

A

Involves replacing an atom (or a group of atoms) by another

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14
Q

What happens in an elimination reaction?

A

Involves the removal of a molecule from a larger molecule

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15
Q

What happens in hydrolysis?

A

Involves breaking covalent bonds by reaction with water

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16
Q

What is the product of electrophillic addition?

A

Alkenes

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17
Q

What is the product of nucleophillic addition?

A

Carbonyl

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18
Q

What is the product of free radical substitution?

A

Alkanes

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19
Q

What are the products of nucleophillic substitution?

A

Halogenoalkane + alcohol

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20
Q

What is isomerism?

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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21
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

Different structural formula and different spatial arrangement of atoms

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22
Q

What are the types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain isomerism
  • position isomerism
  • Functional isomerism
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23
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Same structural formula, different spatial arrangements of atoms

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24
Q

What are the types of stereoisomers?

A
  • geometric isomers

- Optical isomers

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25
Q

Why do structural isomer have different structural formulas

A
  • Because their atoms are linked together in different ways

- It arises owing to arrangement (branching) of carbon stele-ton

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26
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A
  • Type of structural isomerism

- Based on position of functional group

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27
Q

What is functional group isomerism?

A
  • Type of structural isomerism

- based on different functional group

28
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A
  • Stereoisomer have the same structure and bond order but their atoms and groups of atoms are arranged differently in space
  • They have different spatial arrangements and their molecules are not superimposable
29
Q

What are geometrical isomers?

A
  • Type of stereoisomer
  • must have c =c double bond
  • on each carbon in the c= c, there must be 2 different atoms/groups of atoms
30
Q

What are optical isomers?

A
  • the molecule must have all single bonds
  • carbon atom which has 4 different atoms or group at atoms
  • they exist in pairs, in which one isomer is the mirror image of the other
  • 2 optical isomers are non-super impossible but are identical (mirror image)
  • these isomers are called enantiomers
31
Q

What are cis-trans isomers?

A
  • involves a double bond, usually c=c, that does not allow free rotation (restricted rotation) about the double bond (unlike a c-c single bond)
  • the cis molecule is the one with the most number of electrons on one side
  • the formation of cis-trans isomerism is due to the restricted rotation of the c= c double bond
  • Cis-trans isomerism cannot exist if either carbon carries 2 identical groups
32
Q

What is the difference between cis-trans isomers chemical property?

A

Cis-trans isomers have similar chemical properties (same functional group) and they react with the same reagents but at different rates

33
Q

What is the difference in physical properties between cis-trans isomers?

A
  • cis trans isomers have different physical properties due to different spatial arrangements of groups
  • trans isomers usually have higher melting points and lower boiling points due to weak induced dipole-dipole forces
34
Q

What are the physical properties of cis isomers?

A
  • The structure of cis isomer is less symmetrical
    ↳ hence cannot be closely packed in the crystal lattice
    ↳ less contact between neighbouring molecules
    ↳ strength of intermolecular forces reduced
  • cis isomers generally have lower melting point and higher boiling point due to high polarity
35
Q

Why do trans isomer have high melting points out Low boiling point

A

They have high MP due to lots of dipole moments (more bonds to break) but Low b.p. As the dipoles cancel out and they are held by weak id-id forces

36
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

The Central carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached

37
Q

What is the criteria for optical isomerism?

A
  • The compound must have all single bonds

- carbon atom which has 4 different atoms/groups of atoms

38
Q

what is the alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

39
Q

what is alkene general formula

A

CnH2n

40
Q

alcohol general formula

A

CnH2n+1OH

41
Q

what is a functional group

A

the group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

42
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group and with successive members differing by -CH2

43
Q

what is an alkane

A

a saturated hydrocarbon with general formula CnH2n+2

44
Q

what is an alkene

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n

45
Q

what is a halogenoalkane

A

an alkane where a hydrogen atom has been replaced by a halogen atom

46
Q

what is an alcohol

A

organic compound with lone hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to alkyl group with general formula CnH2n+1OH

47
Q

how are alcohols classified

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
48
Q

what is primary alcohol

A

the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to two r groups

49
Q

what is secondary alcohol

A

the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to 2 r groups

50
Q

what is tertiary alcohols

A

the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to three R groups

51
Q

what is aldehydes

A

an organic compound with the -CHO functional group

52
Q

what is ketone

A

organic compound with the RCOR’ functional group

53
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

Organic compound with the -cooh functional group

54
Q

What is ester

A

Organic compound formed from a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

55
Q

What is primary amine?

A

A derivative of ammonia, in a primary amine, one hydoyan atom in ammonia is substituted with an alkyl group

56
Q

What is a nitrile

A

Organic compound with - cn functional group

57
Q

What is an aliphatic hydro carbon?

A

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a linear or branched structure

58
Q

What are the three steps in a free radical substitution mechanism?

A

1 initiation

  1. Propagation
  2. Termination
59
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

The formation of a compound with the release of a small molecule, such as water

60
Q

What is oxidation

A

Oxidation reactions involve the loss of electrons and gain of oxygen leading to the increase in oxidation number

61
Q

What is reduction

A

Reduction reactions involve the gain of electrons and lead to a decrease in oxidation number

62
Q

Describe the shape and bond angles in ethane

A

Shape; tetrahedral

Angle: 109.5

63
Q

Shape and bond angles of ethene

A

Shape: trigonal planar
Angle: 120

64
Q

How to determine whether a stereoisomer is cis or trans?

A
  • In trans isomers high priority groups are on opposite sides of the c=c bond
  • In cis isomers , high priority groups are on the same side of c=c
65
Q

What are high priority groups in cis trans isomers

A
  • Single atoms; atom with highest mass

- molecules : highest atomic mass of atom attached to c=c

AS Chemistry (22 decks)

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