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Hem/Onc > Intro to Oncology > Flashcards

Intro to Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common cancers in the US?

A

prostate, lung, and breast cancer

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths?

A

lung cancer

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3
Q

What is the role of a pharmacist in cancer treatment?

A

to have a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenomic properties of all the anticancer agents

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4
Q

How is cancer thought to develop?

A

the normal mechanisms for cell growth and proliferation in a cell are altered

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5
Q

What is the process of cancer formation called?

A

carcinogenesis

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6
Q

What are the stages of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Conversion
  4. Progression
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7
Q

What is initiation?

A

when normal cells are exposed to carcinogens

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8
Q

What is promotion?

A

carcinogens alter the environment to favor altered cell growth over normal cell growth

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9
Q

What is conversion?

A

the normal cell turns cancerous

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10
Q

What is progression?

A

further genetic alterations that lead to rapid proliferation, invasion into local tissues, and metastasis

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11
Q

Which drugs can cause leukemia?

A
  1. alkylating agents
  2. anthracyclines
  3. epipodophyllotoxins
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12
Q

which drugs can cause liver cancer?

A
  1. anabolic steroids

2. steroidal estrogens

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13
Q

what drugs can cause renal or urinary cancer?

A
  1. analgesics containing phenacetin

2. oxazaphosphorines

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14
Q

Which drugs can cause endometrium cancer?

A
  1. antiestrogens
  2. nonsteroidal estrogens
  3. steroidal estrogens
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15
Q

Which drugs can cause skin cancer

A
  1. coal tar

2. immunosuppressive drugs

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16
Q

Which drug can cause vaginal or cervical cancer?

A

nonsteroidal estrogens

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17
Q

Which drugs can cause breast cancer?

A
  1. steroidal estrogens

2. nonsteroidal estrogens

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18
Q

Which drug can cause testicular cancer

A

nonsteroidal estrogens

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19
Q

Which drug can cause lymphomas?

A

immunosuppressive drugs

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20
Q

What two types of genes play an important role in the development of cancer?

A

oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

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21
Q

What are the functional abilities acquired by cancer cells?

A
  1. angiogenesis
  2. self-proliferation
  3. insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  4. metastasis
  5. antiapoptotic effects
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22
Q

How are proto-oncogenes turned into oncogenes?

A

through genetic alterations such as point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or gene amplifications

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23
Q

What is the oncogene responsible for?

A

it either produces excessive amounts of normal gene product or an abnormal gene product

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24
Q

ALK

A

lung cancer, lymphomas, neuroblastoma, ovarian cancers

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25
Q

BCR-ABL

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia

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26
Q

BCL-2

A

B-cell lymphomas

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27
Q

BRAF

A

colon cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer

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28
Q

ERBB1

A

colon cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, lung cancer

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29
Q

ERBB2

A

breast, gastric, and lung cancers

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30
Q

KIT (CD117)

A

acute leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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31
Q

MYC

A

acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, retinoblastoma, T-cell lymphomas

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32
Q

P13KCA

A

lung and ovarian cancer

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33
Q

RAS (NRAS, HRAS, KRAS)

A

colon cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, and thyroid cancer

34
Q

RET

A

lung cancer and thyroid cancer

35
Q

APC

A

colon and thymus cancer

36
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

breast and ovarian cancer

37
Q

MSH2, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2, MSH6

A

colon cancer

38
Q

NF1 and NF2

A

melanomas and leukemia

39
Q

P53

A

multiple cancers

40
Q

PTEN

A

lung and ovarian cancers

41
Q

RB1

A

bladder cancer, retinoblastoma, sarcoma

42
Q

VHL

A

renal cell cancer

43
Q

What do DNA repair genes do?

A

repair DNA damaged by environmental factors

44
Q

What is the theory of sequential genetic alteration?

A

one gene alteration isn’t enough to cause cancer. It takes multiple somatic alterations.

45
Q

What are passenger mutations?

A

gene mutations that don’t lead to cancer

46
Q

What are driver mutations?

A

mutations that support the longterm survival of cancer

47
Q

What are the most important proteins associated with the cell cycle clock?

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent

48
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

S phase, M phase, G1 and G2 phase, and G0 phase

49
Q

7 warning signs of cancer

A

CAUTION

C - change in bowel or bladder habits
A - a sore throat that doesn't heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump
I - indigestion or difficulting swallowing
O - obvious change in wart/mole
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
50
Q

What does the definitive diagnosis of cancer rely on?

A

tissue sample/biopsy

51
Q

What is the purpose of staging?

A

Do give a prognosis and guide treatment selection

52
Q

What are tumor markers used for?

A

Treatment response and detecting recurrence

53
Q

What is the staging system?

A

TNM

Tumor
Nodes
Metastasis

54
Q

What are the three modalities used to treat cancer?

A

radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy

55
Q

What is the treatment of choice for early-stage cancer?

A

surgery

56
Q

What is adjuvant therapy?

A

systemic therapy given after surgery

57
Q

What is neoadjuvant therapy?

A

systemic therapy given before surgery

58
Q

What is induction therapy?

A

systemic therapy to eradicate cancer in the blood or lymph

59
Q

What is consolidation therapy?

A

systemic therapy that eradicates any remaining cells in the blood or lymph

60
Q

What is maintenance therapy?

A

systemic therapy given to retain remission

61
Q

benign surface epithelium

A

papilloma

62
Q

malignant surface epithelium

A

carcinoma

63
Q

benign glandular

A

adenoma

64
Q

malignant

A

adenocarcinoma

65
Q

benign fibrous

A

fibroma

66
Q

malignant fibrous

A

fibrosarcoma

67
Q

benign bone

A

osteoma

68
Q

malignant bone

A

osteosarcoma

69
Q

benign smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

70
Q

malignant smooth muscle

A

leiomyosarcoma

71
Q

benign striated muscle

A

rhabdomyoma

72
Q

malignant striated muscle

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

73
Q

malignant lymphoid

A

lymphomas

74
Q

malignant plasma

A

multiple myeloma

75
Q

benign glial tissue

A

gliomas

76
Q

malignant glial tissue

A

glioblastima, astrocytoma

77
Q

benign melanocytes

A

pigmented nevus

78
Q

malignant melanocytes

A

melanoma

79
Q

benign nerve sheath

A

neurofibroma

80
Q

malignant nerve sheath

A

neurobibrosarcoma

81
Q

benign gonadal tissue

A

teratoma

82
Q

malignant gonadal tissue

A

teratocarcinoma

Hem/Onc (4 decks)

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