Intro to Onco Pt 1

Question 1

_________ is characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

What are the 2 types of precancerous cells?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia and dysplasia

Question 3

What is the difference between dysplasia and hyperplasia?

Answer 3

Hyperplasia = accelerated growth of cells
Dysplasia = Abnormal looking cells with or without accelerated growth

Question 4

Cancer is classified by the origin, including the type of tissue where it occurs and the primary site of development. The name for a benign tumor ends in _____, while for a malignant tumor it ends in _______.

Answer 4

Benign = -oma
Malignant = -sarcoma

Question 5

True or False: A malignant tumor is often encapsulated and rarely recurs once surgically removed.

Answer 5

False! These are characteristics of a benign tumor.

Question 6

Malignant cells are ______, meaning that they have different cellular architecture than the cells of origin that are normal.

Answer 6

Anaplastic

Question 7

All of the following are internal factors influencing carcinogenesis EXCEPT:
A. Viruses (HIV, HPV, EBV, etc.)
B. Heredity (genetic mutations)
C. Inflammation (immune conditions)
D. Endocrine factors (hormones)

Answer 7

A. Viruses (HIV, HPV, EBV, etc.)

Question 8

______ means growth of the same cancer at a distant site from origin.

Answer 8

Metastases

Question 9

List the 4 common sites of metastases.

Answer 9

Lung, liver, brain, bone

Question 10

There are 4 avenues of spread for cancer to metastasize through the body. Which of the following means that the cancer spreads through seeding of tumor during biopsy?
A. Direct Extension
B. Lymphatic
C. Hematogenous
D. Implantation

Answer 10

D. Implantation

Question 11

List 2 of the 4 avenues of metastases that are the most common.
A. Direct Extension
B. Lymphatic
C. Hematogenous
D. Implantation

Answer 11

B. Lymphatic

C. Hematogenous

Question 12

True or False: Malignant cells secrete mediators that stimulate formation of blood vessels for growth and oxygen (and they thrive on this).

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for cancer development?
A. Older age
B. Smoking
C. Unhealthy diet
D. High cholesterol
E. UV exposure
F. Family history

Answer 13

D. High cholesterol

Question 14

True or False: Geographical location plays a role in higher cancer mortality.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

The most commonly diagnosed cancer annually is ___ in women and _____ in men.

Answer 15

Breast cancer in women

Prostate cancer in men

Question 16

The most common cause of death from cancer annually is from which type of cancer?
A. Lung cancer
B. Colon cancer
C. Pancreatic cancer
D. Leukemia
E. Oral cancer

Answer 16

A. Lung cancer

Question 17

In diagnosing cancer, one must look at signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging, tissue sample, and staging. In terms of staging, which is better?
A. G1 - well differentiated
B. G4 - Undifferentiated

Answer 17

A. G1 - well differentiated

Because it develops slower and looks more like normal cells.

Question 18

"CAUTION" is used to memorize the signs and symptoms of cancer. Fill in the blanks:
C: Changes in \_\_\_\_ or bladder habits
A: A \_\_\_\_\_ that won't heal
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or lump
I: Indigestion or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
O: Obvious changes in a \_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_
N: Nagging \_\_\_\_\_ or abscess

Answer 18

C: Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A: A sore throat that won't heal
U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
T: Thickening or lump
I: Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 
O: Obvious changes in a wart or mole
N: Nagging cough or abscess

Question 19

Which of the following is a full body scan used in cancer to  check for areas of metastases?
A. CT scan
B. MRI scan
C. Ultrasound
D. MUGA
E. PET scan

Answer 19

E. PET scan

Question 20

True or False: A tissue sample such as a biopsy is not necessary required to begin treatment for cancer.

Answer 20

FALSE! It is an absolute requirement.

Question 21

A malignancy of epithelial origin is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia

Answer 21

C. Carcinoma

Question 22

A malignancy of supportive and connective tissue origin is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia

Answer 22

B. Sarcoma

Question 23

This type of malignancy originates in the plasma cells of bone.
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia

Answer 23

D. Myeloma

Question 24

This type of malignancy is referred to as "liquid cancer" or "blood cancer".
A. Lymphoma
B. Sarcoma
C. Carcinoma
D. Myeloma
E. Leukemia

Answer 24

E. Leukemia

Question 25

``` Which of the following is the most common type of cancer histology? A. Lymphoma B. Sarcoma C. Carcinoma D. Myeloma E. Leukemia ```

Answer 25

C. Carcinoma (~80-90%)

Question 26

The TNM grading system is used to grade tumors. What do T, N, and M stand for?

Answer 26

``` T = Tumor extent N = Lymph node involvement M = Metastases ```

Question 27

True or False: Stage III cancers means there is metastases to other body areas.

Answer 27

False! That would be stage IV. Stage III is lymph node involvement.

Question 28

``` The shortening of period between cycles is called _______. A. Dose escalation B. Cycle shortening C. Dose density D. Cycle density E. Dose intensity ```

Answer 28

C. Dose density

Question 29

``` Chemotherapy cycle dose escalation is called _______. A. Cycle escalation B. Cycle shortening C. Dose density D. Cycle density E. Dose intensity ```

Answer 29

E. Dose intensity

Question 30

``` Which of the following oncology trial endpoints is the BEST measurement? A. Overall Survival (OS) B. Disease Free Survival (DFS) C. Progression Free Survival (PFS) D. Objective Response Rate (ORR) E. Complete Response (CR) ```

Answer 30

A. Overall Survival (OS)