Intro to OB Flashcards
1
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Focus of Maternity Nursing
A
Provides care from puberty to menopause, and focuses on reproductive health, pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum support.
2
Q
Prenatal care in Maternity Nursing
A
Support and monitor the health of the mother and baby during pregnancy. Ensure proper health and address high-risk conditions.
3
Q
Labor and Delivery care
A
Assist with childbirth - offer guidance, pain management, and support during delivery.
4
Q
NICU
A
Care for babies that need extra medical attention, like premature infants or those with medical conditions.
5
Q
Women’s health
A
General healthcare, education, support on menstrual health, contraception, and menopause.
6
Q
Infertility Care
A
Help individuals and couples navigate fertility challenges through medical and emotional support.
7
Q
pediatric nursing
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caring for children from birth to 18 years old, focus on physical, emotional and developmental needs
8
Q
pediatric nursing - safety
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prevent accidents, create safe environments, educate families on accident prevention and emergency response
9
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pediatric nursing - normal growth/development
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Monitor developmental milestones such as motor and cognitive abilities and identify delays. Educate parents on proper nutrition and activities,
10
Q
Pediatric Nursing - acute/chronic care
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Manage both short-term (immediate illnesses - infections) and long-term (asthma, diabetes) conditions
11
Q
Pediatric Nursing - Critical, palliative and end of life care
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provide specialized care for severe conditions, and offer comfort during end-of-life stages
12
Q
CNA
A
- assist with daily needs - nutrition, dressing, movement, hygiene.
- take VS, collect specimens, assist with transportation
- Provide oral care for stable clients, manage catheter bags, report concerns to LPN/RN
13
Q
LPN/LVN
A
- provide nursing care under RN, NP, HCP, midwife
- monitor stable patients, perform basic care
- reinforce RN-provided education, and report patient status.
14
Q
RN
A
- provide comprehensive care - pregnancy monitoring, delivery, postpartum, pediatrics
- administers advanced treatments (IV meds, Blood products)
- Conduct initial and post-op assessments and develop care plans
15
Q
NP
A
- have an MSN/DNP and pass certification exams
- prescribe meds, focus on contraception, fertility, pregnancy, postpartum, lactation, menopause, pediatrics
16
Q
CNS (clinical Nurse Specialist)
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- advanced RN, with MSN - specialize in education, management, research
- collaborates nurses to improve patient care and provide education
17
Q
CNM (Certified Nurse Midwife)
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- manages pregnancy, labor, delivery, postpartum care
- prescribe meds, deliver babies in a hospital
18
Q
Ethics
A
- concerned with right/wrong, good/evil
- do the right thing for the patient’s best outcome
- American Nurses Association Code of Ethics - fairness, honesty, respect
19
Q
Veracity
A
be truthful and transparent with parents
20
Q
Autonomy
A
Right to control one’s body/decisions
21
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Beneficence
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show compassion and kindness to benefit others
22
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Nonmaleficence
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Minimize harm while achieving benefits
23
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Justice
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ensure fair allocation of resources/services
24
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Accountability
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accept responsibility for actions
25
Fidelity
Keep promises, upholds responsibilities
26
Overarching Goals
1. Empowerment - help families maintain control and build confidence
2. Enabling - provide opportunities for families to master and include siblings
27
Therapeutic Communication
Are you considering another course of action?
Tell me about it, how will you discuss this with your family?
How can I help you with this decision?
28
Ethical Decision- Making
1. no single answer fits all situations
2. seek guidance from ethics committees and chain of command
3. avoid imposing personal values on patients
29
Ethical Dilemmas
1. Abortion
2. pregnant mothers smoking/using drugs
3. Futile care for premature newborns
4. adolescents leaving the hospital with newborns and no family support
30
Evidence-Based Practice
1. interventions are based on current, valid research evidence
2. justifies care practices for better patient outcomes
31
Assent
7+ children are involved in treatment decisions. They cannot consent, but they have autonomy and involvement.
32
Family-Centered Care
Family is central to a child's life and care. Include them in decision-making, care activities, and creating safe environments.
33
Family Structures
1. Nuclear family - two parents and children
2. single parent - one parent raising a child
3. extended family - uncles, aunts, cousins
4. grandparent family - grandparents raise children
34
standards of care/institutional policies
Standards of care - set rules for nursing knowledge/skills
institutional policies - provide safe guidelines for healthcare facilities
35
Size/Weight
size/weight changes rapidly, affects medical dosing and care strategies
36
Pharmacokinetics (how the drug moves through the body)/Pharmacodynamics (how the drug affects the body)
Body structure and function variations impact how drugs are processed and responded to.
37
respiratory - baby challenges
Small airways - infants are nose breathers for the first few weeks. Poor chest muscle development and less tidal lung volume increase respiratory failure risk
38
head
disproportionately large head, large posterior occiput raise risk of airway occlusion
39
Blood/Glucose
Lower total circulating blood volume, higher glucose needs
40
immature systems in kids
temperature regulation, immune systems. Rapin decompensation can occur, and BP changes are late signs of shock
41
Metabolizing Medications
children metabolize meds more slowly due to immature liver and kidney function
42
Trauma/injury
severity closely tied to developmental stages and their unique physiology
43
childless nurses
anxious about not having any experience with children
44
male students
feel out of place in traditionally female-dominated specialty
45
parent nurses
emotional challenges when seeing sick children
46
tips for anxiety
1. avoid discussing personal experiences
2. focus on patient safety and maintain professional boundaries
47
culture in healthcare
characteristics, knowledge, behaviors, beliefs shaped by socialization, such as language, religion, social habits, and values
48
cultural competence
ability to function in the cultural context of those being served, emphasizing awareness and sensitivity
49
cultural awareness
understanding beliefs, values, and behaviors of different cultures and being sensitive in interactions
50
cultural sensitivity
displaying culturally appropriate and respectful behaviors
51
Race
shared genetic physical characteristics
52
ethnicity
membership in groups with shared customs/traditions
53
human variation
variations in race, age, gender, veteran status, disability, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status in patients and providers
54
improving health literacy
Use trained medical interpreters for non-English speaking patients. Provide written materials in the preferred language.
55
Healthcare quality
effectiveness, safety, timeliness, patient-centeredness, care coordination, access
56
healthcare disparities
limited English proficiency, minority status, lack of health insurance
57
Social determinants
economic stability, education, food security, housing, healthcare access, community engagement, physical environment
58
Social Determinants importance
influence health outcomes and disparities by shaping person's environment and access to resources
59
worldview
person's philosophy or conception of world, influencing openness and communication in healthcare
60
Factors shaping worldview
social traditions, environmental conditions, economic stability, political policies, migrational factors
61
inclusive care
1. active listening - understand concerns/needs
2. respectful communication - show respect for values/beliefs
3. health education - culturally relevant materials/resources
4. training - continuous cultural competence education
5. access - language services and community outreach
62
Culturally appropriate assessments
social, economic, physical, environmental, and political factors relevant to patient care
63
steps to become more culturally aware
Ask the patient directly, or research using "Culture vision"
64
requirements for culturally appropriate assessment
1. excellent communication skills - enable meaningful dialogue
2. therapeutic relationship - build rapport with mutual respect/trust
65
Behavioral response factors
1. illness impacts actions/expectations
2. patient/family system stress affects interactions
3. cultural approaches to illness shape prevention and treatment attitudes
66
considerations for culturally appropriate assessments
1. Bio-cultural variations - physical differences in populations
2. illness/disease trajectories - culturally specific progressions
3. socio-environmental context - living conditions/support systems
4. responses to treatments - safe home remedies after evaluating ingredients
67
avoiding stereotypes
do not make assumptions based on cultural beliefs, assess individual needs/preferences
68
trained medical interpreter
1. gender preference - respect the patient's wants
2. interpreter modes - person, phone, or video
3. preparation - discussion overview first
4. direct interaction - speak directly to the patient
69
effective communication with interpreter
1. keep sentences short and clear
2. use non-verbal cues
3. be patient and encourage clarifying questions
70
Mons pubis function
rounded pad of fat tissue over the symphysis pubis, cushions and protects underlying bones/tissues
71
Labia majora
Large, outer folds of skin and tissue, extend from mons pubis, contain sebaceous and sweat glands, protect internal genital structures
72
Labia Minora
thin, inner folds forming a protective hood around the clitoris, sensitive, aids in sexual stimulation
73
Clitoris
small, highly sensitive organ of erectile tissue, numerous nerve endings, essential for arousal and pleasure
74
Vaginal vestibule
area enclosed by labia minora houses urethral and vaginal openings
75
Bartholin glands
pea-sized glands near the vaginal opening, secrete lubricating fluids for sexual activity comfort
76
perineum
skin between the vaginal opening and anus, stretched or incised during childbirth (episiotomy)
77
ovaries
almond-shaped glands store and release ova, produce estrogen and progesterone
78
fallopian tubes
Connect ovaries to the uterus, providing a pathway for sperm to meet ova. Fertilization happens here.
79
Uterus layers
1. endometrium - innermost layer, sheds during menstruation if no pregnancy happens
2. myometrium - smooth muscle layer, contracts during childbirth
3. endometrium - protective outer layer
80
cervix
lower, narrow part of uterus opens into the vagina, stretches during childbirth for delivery
81
Vagina
4–6-inch elastic muscular canal for sexual intercourse, menstruation and childbirth
82
Female Pelvis
shorter, wider, circular - bones like the sacrum, coccyx, and hip bones
83
colostrum
nutrient-rich fluid secreted before breast milk, contains antibodies for newborn immunity
84
Follicular phase
1. anterior pituitary secretes FSH to develop ovarian follicles
2. estrogen thickens endometrium for implantation
3. LH triggers ovulation at 14 days
85
Luteal phase
1. corpus luteum secretes progesterone to develop uterine lining
2. if no fertilization occurs, hormone levels drop, which causes menstruation and restarts the cycle
86
fertilization occurs.
in outer third of fallopian tube, single sperm penetrates egg to form zygote
87
chromosomes
gametes = 23, zygote = 46
88
sex of embryo
male gamete - xx = female, xy = male
89
hCG hormone
supports embryo development, detectable in blood after 11 days, in urine after 12-14 days post fertilization
90
blastocyst
maturing embryo with cell differentiation implants in uterine lining 7-10 days after fertilization
91
placenta
sustains fetal life during pregnancy, develops at implantation site
92
oxygen, nutrients, wasted exchange
mother's blood, placenta, umbilical vein, fetal liver, heart
93
ductus venosus
Allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and mix with deoxygenated blood in the inferior vena cava.
94
foramen ovale
small hole between atria allows blood to flow from right to left atrium
95
ductus arteriosus
bypasses pulmonary arteries, directs blood into aorta and out of body
96
deoxygenated blood exiting fetus
umbilical arteries carry it back to placenta
97
teratogens
substances may cause birth defects by crossing placenta and affecting fetal development, during 1st trimester
98
first trimester worst for teratogens
fetus most vulnerable to teratogens due to rapid organ development, making it crucial to verify last menstrual period
99
teratogenic drugs
alcohol, recreational drugs, tobacco, prescription meds
100
infections acting like teratogens
toxoplasmosis, syphilis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus
101
physical agent teratogens
radiation, hypothermia
102
environmental toxins that are teratogens
mercury, lead, polychlorinated, polybrominated biphenyls
103
maternal health conditions that are teratogens
uncontrolled diabetes, autoimmune disease, maternal phenylketonuria
104
FDA medication guidelines
replaced category system with summary format (pregnancy/lactation risks, contraceptives, pregnancy testing, infertility guidance)
105
tobacco and smoking
increase risk of placenta previa, placental abruption, low birth weight and developmental delays
106
5 A's Model - smoking cessation
Ask -record tobacco use at every visit
Assess -determine readiness to quit in the next 30 days
Advice - give personal recommendations to quit
Assist - create a tailored quit plan
Arrange - schedule follow-ups
107
Alcohol
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders cause physical abnormalities - small head, flat face, developmental delays
108
caffeine
miscarriage, preterm birth, moderate intake (200mg per day) acceptable
109
marijuana
impairs neurological development most widely used recreational drug during pregnancy
110
cocaine
microencephaly, genital/kidney/brain abnormalities, placental abruption
111
opioids
neonatal abstinence syndrome, low birth weight, premature birth, intracranial hemorrhage
112
methamphetamines
increased maternal/fetal heart rate, preterm labor, placental abruption
113
environmental toxins
lead, mercury, certain cleaning products, listeria-contaminated foods, hot tub, sauna, BPA-containing products
114
TORCH infections
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and others that cause slow growth, heart defects, jaundice, brain abnormalities
115
TORCH early treatment
reduce long-term complications from infections transmitted from mother/fetus
116
pregnancy information comes from
moms, sisters, friends, healthcare team, other sources
117
Education for pregnant woman
Evaluate educational needs, plan personalized approaches based on culture, religion and beliefs
118
presumptive signs
subjective, least reliable signs caused by hormonal level (amenorrhea, nausea, fatigue, urinary frequency, breast tenderness, fetal movements (18-21 weeks)
119
Goodell sign
softening of cervix
120
Chadwick sign
bluish-purple color of vaginal mucosa and cervix
121
Hegar sign
softening of lower uterine segment
122
ballottement
fetus floats away from cervix when pushed
123
Positive pregnancy test
Detectable hCG by day 11
124
positive signs of pregnancy
1. fetal heart auscultation by Doppler
2. fetal movement felt by practitioners
3. ultrasound visualization
125
uterus changes
expands and thins to accommodate fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid
126
cervix = pregnancy
increased vascularity causes a blue color. softens becomes edematous, forms cervical mucus plug
127
vagina = pregnancy
mucosa thickens, becomes more acidic, produces more discharge, at risk for yeast infection
128
breasts - pregnancy
engorged, tingly, tender, leak colostrum
129
sexual activity - pregnancy
first trimester - low libido - nausea, vomiting, fatigue, anxiety
second trimester - increased libido
130
benefits of Kegels
strengthens perineal muscles, aids in childbirth, postpartum recovery
131
How to do a Kegel
locate pelvic floor muscles by lying flat with knees bent. tighten muscles for 3, releasing for 3, and do this 10 times every morning/evening
132
respiratory - pregnancy
1. congestion
2. SOB flat with milk exertion, use extra pillows
3. increased O2 required for baby's benefit
4. nosebleeds common - stay hydrated, use a humidifier
5. increased chest circumference accommodates growing fetus
133
blood volume/HR increase
meet O2 consumption needs, prepare for blood loss during childbirth
134
risk of venous thrombus
higher fibrinogen levels, do not sit or stand for too long
135
vena cava syndrome
Hypotension is caused by lying supine, compressing the vena cava /aorta. Do not lie on your back.
136
anemia
Hemodilution reduces RBCs. Take iron supplements with vitamin C for better absorption. Eat foods rich in iron.
137
N/V
Eat small meals, dry toast/saltines before getting up, sip water, and avoid strong smells.
138
heartburn
High hormones relax the esophagus. Eat bland low-fat foods, do not lie down after meals, and do not overeat.
139
constipation
Hormones and enlarged uterus slow digestion. Stay hydrated, eat fiber, and exercise.
140
Hemorrhoids
Constipation and uterus pressure on veins. Pain, bleeding, itching, swollen rectal veins. Eat high-fiber foods, stay hydrated, avoid straining, and use ice or tucks.
141
RUQ pain
Gallbladder issues. Avoid fatty foods and report abdominal pain to HCP.
142
UTIs
Enlarged uterus, the fetus compresses on the bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor. Encourage fluids, frequent urination, and report UTI symptoms.
143
stress incontinence
bladder pressure, perform Kegels to strengthen the pelvic floor
144
skin - pregnancy
Hyperpigmentation, Linea nigra, and melasma increase with sun exposure. Use SPF.
145
PUPPP
Itchy plaques and papules on the abdomen/extremities. Resolve after childbirth but may require antihistamines or steroids.
146
Loose joints
Relaxin hormone causes loose joints, waddling gait, and an increased chance of falling.
147
Backaches
Uterus enlargement shifts the center of gravity. Use good posture, low-heeled shoes, side-sleeping, heat, and massage.
148
maturational crises
Significant transitions, and uncertainties like healthcare access, finances, family support, daycare, and transportation impact adaption.
149
4 Maternal tasks
Seeking safe passage.
Securing acceptance.
Giving up self and accepting motherhood.
Committing to the child.
150
seeking safe passage
Concern for health and symptoms. Seek prenatal care and pregnancy knowledge. Engage in healthy self-care.
151
securing acceptance
Seek support and acceptance from family/partner. Adjust space within the family. Rely on relationship with mother.
152
"binding in"
Fantasizing about an ideal child, developing attachment, and reflecting on motherhood style.
153
mother's commitment
Prepares for baby, develops self-denial, prioritizes baby's needs, reads about newborn care, and attends childbirth classes.
154
unsuccessful resolution of maternal role changes
Difficulties in pregnancy, delivery, and risks of child abuse or neglect.
155
pregnant adolescent challenges
Balancing tasks of adolescence and motherhood. Prioritizing appearance, peer groups, and own needs. Anxiety about revealing pregnancy, ambivalence, resistance, inconsistency.
156
Couvade syndrome
physical changes experienced by partner during pregnancy
157
Partners response
Feel left out, resist lifestyle changes, and engage in extramarital affairs. Frustration could lead to violence, and screen at each prenatal visit privately.
158
psychological changes in partners
Ambivalence in early stages, strong protective feelings, concern about being a good parent, reflecting on father-child relationships.
159
siblings
Toddlers - clingy and irritable.
Older children - interested in changes.
Teenagers - embarrassed about sexuality.
160
grandparents
Pleased, mixed emotions, reflect on own parenting experiences. Face concerns about aging or feeling too young.
161
nursing care plan
encourage body acceptance
listen empathetically
explore safe exercise methods
educate on healthy nutrition/weight gain patterns
