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Psychobiology > Intro to neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Intro to neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sulcus (sulci)?

A

A depression in the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What is a gyrus (gyri)?

A

A ridge on the cerebral cortex

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3
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A deeper groove in the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

What is white matter?

A

White matter is made white by myelin, connective tissue (axons) covered in myelin

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5
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell body of neurons

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6
Q

Where do most of the similarities between mammals and fish brains occur?

A

Similar hindbrain and midbrain

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7
Q

How do mammal brains primarily differ from those of other animals?

A

Mammals have larger cerebral cortex (cerebrum) relative to other animals

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8
Q

What is the hindbrain responsible for?

A

The hindbrain controls vital functions - heartbeat, breathing.
Attached to spinal cord, relay signals from brain to periphery

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9
Q

What is the midbrain also known as?

A

Mesencephalon

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10
Q

What does the midbrain act as?

A

Also a relay station, relay information between senses and brain

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11
Q

What is the hindbrain also known as?

A

Rhombencephalon

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12
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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13
Q

What is the medulla important for?

A

Autonomic centre for control of HR and blood pressure. A lesion or damage to medulla is generally fatal.

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14
Q

What enters at the medulla?

A

Vast number of cranial nerves enter at the medulla

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15
Q

What is the pons important for?

A

Relay signals, work out where to send signals from periphery
Involved in respiration and normal breathing
Integrates all information sent from cranial nerves to send out to the rest of the brain

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16
Q

What is the cerebellum important for?

A

Fine motor control

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17
Q

What happens if you damage the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar ataxia - inability to control fine motor movements

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18
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

Tetum (superior and inferior colliculus) and tegmentum

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19
Q

Tetum contains…

A

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

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20
Q

What is the superior colliculus important for?

A

Visual processing and the control of eye movements.

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21
Q

Where is the superior colliculus located?

A

In the tetum of the midbrain

22
Q

Where is the inferior colliculus located?

A

In the tetum of the midbrain

23
Q

Which part of the brain is important for visual processing and the control of eye movements?

A

The superior colliculus (tetum of the midbrain)

24
Q

Which part of the brain is important for fine motor movements?

A

The cerebellum of the hindbrain

25
Q

Which part of the brain is important for regulating heart rate and blood pressure?

A

The medulla of the hindbrain

26
Q

Which part(s) of the brain act as relay stations for signals?

A

The pons of the hindbrain, the midbrain, the thalamus

27
Q

What is the inferior colliculus important for?

A

Auditory processing, auditory information gets relayed through here

28
Q

What is the tegmentum important for?

A

Unconscious processes

Relaying movement signals (particularly from the motor cortex) to the hindbrain before it gets sent to the spinal cord

29
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex (higher order area)

30
Q

Where is the hypothalamus? And why is this significant?

A

It is adjacent to the pituitary gland. This is significant as it controls much of the endocrine system.

31
Q

What is the hypothalamus important for?

A

Homeostasis

Master controller of much of the endocrine system

32
Q

Where is the thalamus?

A

Just above the hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the thalamus important for?

A

Relaying sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

Also filters. Discards sensory information you don’t need.

34
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

In front of the hippocampus

35
Q

What is the amygdala important for?

A

Emotion

Fear responses

36
Q

What does the hippocampus look like?

A

A seahorse? lmao

37
Q

What is the hippocampus important for?

A

Involved in the formation and storage of new memories.

38
Q

The story of patient HM (Henry Molaison)

A

Case study of hippocampus damage
Developed severe epilepsy
Surgical temporal lobe removal and a great chunk of hippocampus, along with some of the amygdala
Anterograde amnesia; could not form episodic memories of new events
Also partial retrograde amnesia
Working memory and procedural memory were intact

39
Q

What happened after HM underwent surgery?

A

Anterograde amnesia; could not form episodic memories of new events
Also partial retrograde amnesia
Working memory and procedural memory were intact

40
Q

What is the Morris water maze?

A

Demonstrates the role of hippocampus in spatial learning.

41
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe (rostral), parietal lobe (mid-right), temporal lobe (mid-left), occipital lobe (claudal)

42
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

It separates frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

43
Q

What is the lateral fissure?

A

It separates frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

44
Q

What are the frontal lobes important for?

A

Executive function, abstract thinking, problem solving
Impulse control and social skills (prosocial behaviours)
Motor cortex is located here

45
Q

Frontal lobotomy?

A

Developed by Egas Moniz in 1930s (used till 1950s) to treat a wide range of mental illness.

46
Q

What is the parietal lobe involved in?

A

Somatosensory interpretation

47
Q

What does the temporal lobes contain?

A

Primary auditory cortex

Primary olfactory cortex

48
Q

What are the occipital lobes involved in?

A

Visual processing - information sent from photoreceptors in eyes back through optic nerve, relayed to other side of brain and processed in the visual cortices

49
Q

What are primary and association areas?

A

Within the cortices, each sense has a primary cortex, and also association areas which integrate information

50
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

It is the white mater tract that connect the left and right hemispheres
Allows for rapid communication between the two hemispheres.

51
Q

Split-brain surgery?

A

Used for epilepsy.

Psychobiology (6 decks)

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