Intro to Neuro Flashcards
What is included in the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
What is included in the PNS?
All other nerves (including cranial nerves)
What are the two main types of neurones?
Sensory and motor
What are the two parts of the PNS?
Somatic PNS: Controls motor and sensory function for body Autonomic/visceral PNS: regulates function of internal organs, smooth muscle etc.
What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
What are the 5 main lobes of the brain?
Frontal Parietal (middle top) Occipital (back) Temporal (middle bottom) Cerebellum
What does the frontal lobe do?
Controls personality and conscious decision making
What does the Parietal lobe do?
Somatosensory cortex to process somatic sensory info
What does the Occipital lobe do?
Visual cortex for visual processing
What does the temporal lobe do?
Auditory perception Fear and anxieties due to amygdala
What does the cerebellum do?
Fine motor skills
What does the brainstem do?
Controls breathing, HR. BP etc..
What are the the folds of tissue in the brain called?
Gyrus
What are the gaps where folds in the tissue meet?
Sulci
What is the part of the brain that joins the two hemispheres together?
Corpus callosum
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that originate from the brain itself that control the face and neck
Name the Cranial nerves:
- I: Olfactory - Smell
- II: Optic - Sight
- III: Oculomotor - Eye movement
- IV: Trochlear - Eye movement
- V: Trigeminal - Face sensation
- VI: Abducens - Eye movement
- VII: Facial - Face duh!
- VIII: Vestibulocochlear - Sound and balance
- IX: Glossopharyngeal - Tongue and pharynx
- X: Vagus
- XI: Accessory - Head movement
- XII: Hypoglossal - Tongue
What is the acronym to remember the Cranial nerves?
Ooh, ooh, ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven
Name the three layers of the meninges in order:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is present in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord?
Grey: Cell bodies
White: Axons
What is the ventral horn?
Efferent, taking impulses from CNS to PNS via ventral roots
What is the Dorsal horn?
Afferent - receives information from periphery via dorsal root, which has ganglia unlike ventral
Describe the arrangement of axons into nerves:
Spinal nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, bundled into fascicles surrounded by the perineurium, all bordered by the epineurium capsule; most neurones myelinated, with some not like nociceptive pain neurones
What are the cells that produce myelin?
Oligodendrocytes: CNS (many)
Schwann Cells: PNS (one section)
Name two afferent nerve pathways:
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus (Fine-touch, vibration and two-point discrimination)
Spinothalamic (Pain and Temperature)
Describe the pathway of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus:
- Skin to dorsal horn
- Dorsal horn to medulla (crossing)
- Medulla to thalamus
- Thalamus to somatosensory
What is the difference in the pathways of Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus and Spinothalmic?
Spinothalnic crosses between skin and dorsal horn
DCML crosses between dorsal horn and medulla
Name two Efferent motor pathways:
Lateral Corticospinal
(Consciously controlled muscle movement)
Vestibulospinal
(Receives input from ear for orientation and balance)
Describe the pathway of the Lateral Corticospinal pathway:
Motor cortex to anterior horn
Anterior horn to muscle
Describe the Vestibulospinal pathway:
Neurones originate from Vestibular nuclei
Intermediate neurone (if inhibitory)
Excitatory neurones to extensor muscles, inhibitory neurones to flexor muscles
