Intro to Neuro

Question 1

What is included in the CNS?

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord

Question 2

What is included in the PNS?

Answer 2

All other nerves (including cranial nerves)

Question 3

What are the two main types of neurones?

Answer 3

Sensory and motor

Question 4

What are the two parts of the PNS?

Answer 4

Somatic PNS: Controls motor and sensory function for body Autonomic/visceral PNS: regulates function of internal organs, smooth muscle etc.

Question 5

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Answer 5

Sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 6

What are the 5 main lobes of the brain?

Answer 6

Frontal Parietal (middle top) Occipital (back) Temporal (middle bottom) Cerebellum

Question 7

What does the frontal lobe do?

Answer 7

Controls personality and conscious decision making

Question 8

What does the Parietal lobe do?

Answer 8

Somatosensory cortex to process somatic sensory info

Question 9

What does the Occipital lobe do?

Answer 9

Visual cortex for visual processing

Question 10

What does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 10

Auditory perception Fear and anxieties due to amygdala

Question 11

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 11

Fine motor skills

Question 12

What does the brainstem do?

Answer 12

Controls breathing, HR. BP etc..

Question 13

What are the the folds of tissue in the brain called?

Answer 13

Gyrus

Question 14

What are the gaps where folds in the tissue meet?

Answer 14

Sulci

Question 15

What is the part of the brain that joins the two hemispheres together?

Answer 15

Corpus callosum

Question 16

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 16

Nerves that originate from the brain itself that control the face and neck

Question 17

Name the Cranial nerves:

Answer 17

1. I: Olfactory - Smell
2. II: Optic - Sight
3. III: Oculomotor - Eye movement
4. IV: Trochlear - Eye movement
5. V: Trigeminal - Face sensation
6. VI: Abducens - Eye movement
7. VII: Facial - Face duh!
8. VIII: Vestibulocochlear - Sound and balance
9. IX: Glossopharyngeal - Tongue and pharynx
10. X: Vagus
11. XI: Accessory - Head movement
12. XII: Hypoglossal - Tongue

Question 18

What is the acronym to remember the Cranial nerves?

Answer 18

Ooh, ooh, ooh, to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven

Question 19

Name the three layers of the meninges in order:

Answer 19

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Question 20

What is present in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 20

Grey: Cell bodies

White: Axons

Question 21

What is the ventral horn?

Answer 21

Efferent, taking impulses from CNS to PNS via ventral roots

Question 22

What is the Dorsal horn?

Answer 22

Afferent - receives information from periphery via dorsal root, which has ganglia unlike ventral

Question 23

Describe the arrangement of axons into nerves:

Answer 23

Spinal nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, bundled into fascicles surrounded by the perineurium, all bordered by the epineurium capsule; most neurones myelinated, with some not like nociceptive pain neurones

Question 24

What are the cells that produce myelin?

Answer 24

Oligodendrocytes: CNS (many)

Schwann Cells: PNS (one section)

Question 25

Name two afferent nerve pathways:

Answer 25

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus (Fine-touch, vibration and two-point discrimination)

Spinothalamic (Pain and Temperature)

Question 26

Describe the pathway of the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus:

Answer 26

1. Skin to dorsal horn
2. Dorsal horn to medulla (crossing)
3. Medulla to thalamus
4. Thalamus to somatosensory

Question 27

What is the difference in the pathways of Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus and Spinothalmic?

Answer 27

Spinothalnic crosses between skin and dorsal horn

DCML crosses between dorsal horn and medulla

Question 28

Name two Efferent motor pathways:

Answer 28

Lateral Corticospinal

(Consciously controlled muscle movement)

Vestibulospinal

(Receives input from ear for orientation and balance)

Question 29

Describe the pathway of the Lateral Corticospinal pathway:

Answer 29

Motor cortex to anterior horn

Anterior horn to muscle

Question 30

Describe the Vestibulospinal pathway:

Answer 30

Neurones originate from Vestibular nuclei

Intermediate neurone (if inhibitory)

Excitatory neurones to extensor muscles, inhibitory neurones to flexor muscles