Intro To Neuro Flashcards
Astrocytes
Involved in supportive structural and metabolic events
Responsible for formation and maintenance of myelin
Oligodendrocytes
Involved in motor of fine and gross body movements
Control of balance and equilibrium
Perception, cognition, emotions
Cerebellum
Fluid between the ventricles and the meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cell that lines the ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord
Facilitate nutrient transport, remove toxic metabolites
Ependymal cells
4 domains each with 6 membrane spanning alpha helices
Na channel
Blocke by local anesthetics like lidocaine, procaine and animal toxins (tetrodotoxin)
Na+ channels
Some are open at resting potential
K+ channels
Often blocked by Tetraethylammonium (TEA)
K+ channels
Driving force for an ion is calculated:
Em-Eion
Que iones pasan a través del receptor NMDA?
Que NT lo activa?
Na+ y Ca+
Glutamato
Que iones pasan a traves del receptor AMPA?
Que NT lo activa?
Na+ y K+
Glutamato
Receptor important in learning because only permits the entry of
Ca+ when postsynaptic neuron is depolarize by other synaptic inputs
NMDA
Glutamate
Glutamate toxicity
Large amounts of glutamate activate many NMDA receptors causing excessive Ca+ entry (can be harmful to neurons)
May damage neurons after stoke, epileptic seizure, etc.
Activados por benzodiazepine y barbituratos
Funcion?
GABA receptor
Aumentan su actividad inhibidora, funcionan como sedativos y anticonvulsantes
More Cl- influx
Modulatory effect
Closing of K+ channels increases membrane input resistance, increasing size of other synaptic inputs and increasing neuronal excitability
MAO substrates
Serotonin, Epi y Norepi
SNRI’s
Displace serotonin, dopamine y Norepi from their storage in presynaptic nerve terminals
Ej: amphetamine
SSRI and trycyclic Antidepressants
Block the re uptake of serotonin leading to increase concentrations of the NT in the synaptic cleft and enhance postsynaptic neuronal activity
Used to treat depression
5-HT1B y D agonist
Triptans
Drugs useful abortive medication for the treatment of acute migraine
Bind those receptors in cranial vessels wich lead to vasoconstriction and decrease release of neuropeptides involved in “sterile inflammation”
5-HT1A agonists
Buspirone
Use clinically for the treatment of anxiety an depression
5-HT3
Agonist or antagonist?
Antagonist. Used in the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting.
Asordansetron y Palonosetron
Synthesis of Glutamate
From glucose via Krebs cycle
What causes glutamate when it binds it’s G-coupled protein receptor?
Disminuye cAMP y aumenta IP3 y Ca+
Why would you have NMDA and AMPA receptors on the same site at a synapse?
Because NMDA is regulated by Mg2+
The activation of AMPA and the depolarization causes the expel of Mg2+ from the NMDA receptor
Que dos factores necesita NMDA receptor para ser activado?
Ademas de Glutamate
1-Glycine
2-expel de Mg2+ por depolarización de la membrana
Some anti epileptic receptor may block what receptors?
Glutamate receptors
Ketamine, an anesthesia, blocks what receptor?
Also blocked by PCP (angle dust)
NMDA receptor
can cause hallucinations
Synthesis of GABA
From glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
GABA receptors of slow transmission
Tipo B, metabotropico
1- aumenta K+ postsinaptico
2-disminuye el Ca+ presinaptico
GABA receptors of fast transmission
Tipo A
Aumenta Cl- channel
Baclofen in an agonist of ________ receptor that reduces muscle spasm by increasing inhibition in spinal cord
GABAb
Hyperekplexia
Caused by mutations in GLYCINE receptor
Not enough Cl- passes
Insufficient inhibition in spinal cord and generalized stiffness and excessive startle reflexes
Strychnine
Antagonist of glycine receptor
Used to kill rodents causing muscular convulsions and asphyxia
Tetanus toxin
Cleaves vesicle proteins preventing release of Glycine and GABA
Cause muscle rigidity
Histamine is produce by _______ and affects _______. It also regulates _________
Produced by posterior hypothalamus y afecta el entire CNS
Regulation of arousal
Ab block Ach receptors at NMJ in what disease?
Myasthenia Gravis
This toxin inhibit ACh release at NMJ by cleaving SNARE proteins
Botulism toxin
Produce the bulk of the CSF and is located within each ventricle
Choroid plexus
Space in the spinal cord that contains the CSF
Subarachnoid space
Miniature end plate potential
Potential from single vesicle
Quantum
Amount of Ach of each synaptic vesicle
Quantal content
Total number of quanta released that cause the action potential
Overall control center for de ANS
Hypothalamus
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors activan qué cascada?
Phospholipasa C
Aumentan IP3 y Calcio
Betha 1 y 2 adrenergic receptors activan qué cascada?
cAMP and PkA
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor inhibe que cascada?
cAMP
Propanolol y metoprolol son antagonistas de qué receptor?
B1 adrenergic
Unipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are derived from____________
Neural crest cells
Elevated leves of this protein significa un diagnostico de Neural Tube defects
Alfafetoprotein (AFP)
Tipo de Neural tube defect mas comun en PR
Spina Bifida
Type of neuron that receive sensory info , integrate and analyze it and stimulate then motor neurons
Interneuron
Part of the axon where action potential is propagated
Axon hillock
Type ___neurons have long axons while type ____neurons hace short axons
1 & 2 respectively
Proteina que lleva vesiculas hacia el soma
Dyneina
Proteina que lleva vesiculas de forma anterograda (to the periphery)
Kinesin
Slow transport in neurons is only in what direction
Anterograde
Part of the axon that is not covered by myelin
Axon hillock
Type of synapse that contain Gap Junctions that permit movement of ions between neurons. Do not require NT
Electrical synapse
Complejo que desmantela y recicla el SNARE complex
SNAP25
Proteina que enlaza Ca+ y reemplaza al SNARE complex en el proceso de exocitosis de vesículas con NTs
Synaptotagmin
Disease characterized by loss of dopamine secretin cells en Substantia Nigra y Basal Ganclia
Parkinson’s disease
Type of intermediate filament found in astrocytes
GFAP
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Protoplasmic vs fibrous astrocytes
Protoplasmic= found in gray matter and have short branching foot processes
Fibrous= found in white matter and have fewer processes but relatively straight (mas largos y flacos)
BBB offers free passage of ___________ and other selected molecules
Glucose
BBB is created by tight junctions between what cells
Endothelial cells
Gliosis
Microglial response to damage. Can include hypertrophy of these cells so it can ve reparative or destructive
When stained with heavy metal characterized by a branching cytoplasmic morphology
When normal staining they show a elongated nuclei
Microglia
Cells that line the brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
Function:
Ependymal Cells
Absorb CSF
Celulas que producen el CSF
Choroid Plexus
Name the 3 PNS connective tissue in the order they are found from outside of the nerve bulk to the inside
Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium
Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1)
Grow factor que regula el grosor del myelin sheath
Neurons of the Dorsal root ganglia tend to be:
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Pseudounipolar
Satellite cells
Analogous of Schwann cells found in the dorsal root ganglia around the neurons present there
Do not form myelin but have insulating properties
Sympathetic ganglia
Type of neurons:
Characteristic of their cytoplasm, presence of:
Structure that receives the presynaptic axons or neurons within CNS
Neurons are multipolar
Cytoplasm contain lipofucsin
Wallerian degeneration
Anterograde degeneration distal to the site of injury of the nerve fiber
Traumatic degeneration of a nerve
Occurs in the proximal part of the injured nerve. The cell body swells
Chromatolysis
Nissl bodies desintegration beacause of nerve injury and traumatic degeneration
