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ANAPHY > Intro to Neuro > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensation, Response, and Integration

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2
Q

Two types of cells in Nervous Tissue

A

Neurons and Glial Cells

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3
Q

Responsible for the computation and communication

A

Neuron

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4
Q

a) Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons
b) Improve signal connection in neurons
c) Protect them from pathogens

A

Glial cells

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5
Q

Glian cell number matches neuron number and they can send signals themselves

A

True

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6
Q

Nucleated cells with specialized structural properties

A

Neuron

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7
Q

Single long extension

A

Axon

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8
Q

Every neuron houses its necleus region

A

Soma

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9
Q

Short projections

Receive most of the input of other neurons or stimuli in the extracellular environment

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Location of the dendrites on the neuron

A

Receptive region

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11
Q

Usually highly branched processes

A

Dendrites

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12
Q

Process of Neurotrasmitter

A

Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Axon (Action potential = Initial segment), Terminal end (communication site: synapse)

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13
Q

Type of neuron: multiple processes emerging from their body

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

Type of neuron: have two processes, extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other

A

Bipolar

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15
Q

Type of neuron: have one long axon emerging from the cell body

A

Unipolar

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16
Q

Astrocyte

A

a) Maintain extracellular environment
b) Remove excess neurotransmitter
c) Direct neural growth
d) Induce blood-brain barrier

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17
Q

Satellite cell

A

a) Maintain extracellular environment
b) Remove excess neurotransmitter
c) Direct neural growth

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18
Q

Create myeline (CNS)

A

Oligodendrocyte

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19
Q

Create myeline (PNS)

A

Schwann cell

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20
Q

Immune surveillance and phagocytosis

A

Microglia

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21
Q

Create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cell

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22
Q

Predictable change in membrane potential that occurs due to the open and closing of voltage gated ion channels on the cell membrane

A

Action potential

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23
Q

Begins with unique arrangement of blood vessels carrying fresh blood into the CNS

A

Blood flow

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24
Q

Enters the cranium through the carotid canal in the temporal bone

A

Internal carotid artery

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25
Q

Enters the cranium through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

A

Vertebral artery

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26
Q

Outer surface of the CNS is covered by a series of membranes composed of connective tissue

A

Meninges

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27
Q

Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord

A

Dura mater

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28
Q

Middle layer of the meninges

Named for the spider-web-like trabeculae

A

Arachnoid

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29
Q

Thin membrane that gently covers the brain

“Tender mother”

A

Pia mater

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30
Q

Circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return them to the blood stream

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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31
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

Lateral, Third, Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth ventricle

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32
Q

Main organs of the Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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33
Q

Iconic gray mantle of the brain

Make up the most of the mass of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

Wrinkled portion of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

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35
Q

Large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum

A

Longitudinal fissure

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36
Q

Two distinct halves of the cerebrum that longitudinal fissure separates

A

Right and left cerebral hemisphere

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37
Q

Provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

A

Corpus Callosum (white matter)

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38
Q

Results of the cerebral function

A

Memory, emotion, and consciousness

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39
Q

Responsible for cognitive processing

A

Basal nuclei

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40
Q

Important in learning and memory

A

Basal forebrain

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41
Q

Involved in emotion, memory, and behavior

A

Limbic system or cortex

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42
Q

The cerebrum is covered by a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex

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43
Q

Responsible for the higher functions of the nervous system

A

Cerebral cortex

44
Q

Separates the temporal lobe from the other region

A

Lateral sulcus

45
Q

2 lobes that are superior to the lateral sulcus

A

Parietal and frontal lobe

46
Q

Separating parietal lobe and frontal lobe

A

Central sulcus

47
Q

Posterior region of the cortex

A

Occipital lobe

48
Q

Landmark separating parietal and occipital lobes

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

49
Q

Sets of nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex

A

Subcortical nuclei

50
Q

Serve as the primary location for Acetylcholine production – leading to greater attention to sensory stimuli

A

Basal forebrain

51
Q

Medial-lobe structures involved in long-term memory formation and emotional responses

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Adjacent cortex

52
Q

Responsible for comparing cortical processing with the general state of activity in the nervous system to influence the likelihood of movement taking place

A

Basal nuclei

53
Q

Adult brain that retains its name from embryologic development

A

Diancephalon

54
Q

Two major regions of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

55
Q

The brain stem

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla of the Hindbrain

56
Q

Attached to the brain stem, but considered a separate region of the adult brain

A

Cerebellum

57
Q

Coordinates sensory representations

A

Midbrain

58
Q

Main connection with the cerebellum

A

Pons

59
Q

Regulate several functions (cardiovascular and respiratory system)

A

Pons and Medulla

60
Q

Little brain

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

Largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

62
Q

Approximately 10% of the mass of the brain

A

Cerebellum

63
Q

Horn: Responsible for sensory processing

A

Posterior Horn

64
Q

Horn: sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

A

Anterior Horn

65
Q

Horn: Only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions

A

Lateral Horn

66
Q

Central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Lateral Horn

67
Q

Carry sensory information of the brain

A

Ascending Tracts

68
Q

Carry motor commands from the brain

A

Descending Tracts

69
Q

Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic and Autonomic Divisions

70
Q

Responsible for our conscious perception of the environment and for our voluntary responses to that perception by means of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

71
Q

Receive input from environmental stimuli

A

Peripheral Sensory Neurons

72
Q

Cells that interpret information about the environment

A

Sensory Receptors

73
Q

Five major senses

A

Taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight

74
Q

Group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery

A

Ganglion

75
Q

Two categories of Ganglia

A

Sensory and Autonomic Ganglia

76
Q

Cell bodies of neurons with axons that are associated with the sensory ending in the periphery

A

Dorsal (Posterior) Root Ganglion

77
Q

Sensory Ganglion that is associated with a cranial nerve

A

Cranial Nerve Ganglion

78
Q

Superficial to the temporal bone

A

Trigeminal Ganglion

79
Q

Outer surface of a nerve surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

Epineurium

80
Q

Within the nerve, each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

Perineurium

81
Q

Individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue

A

Endoneurium

82
Q

The process of degenerating severed axon

A

Wallerian

83
Q

System that provides output strictly to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

84
Q

Responsible for the contraction of these muscles

A

Lower Motor Neuron

85
Q

Reflex that occurs when you step on a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal Reflex

86
Q

Reflex when a skeletal muscle is stretched, a muscle spindle receptor is activated

A

Stretch Reflex

87
Q

C1 through C5

A

Cervical Plexus

88
Q

Connects to the diaphragm at the base of the thoracic cavity

A

Phrenic nerve

89
Q

C4 through T1

A

Brachial Plexus

90
Q

Nerve that extends to the armpit region

A

Radial Nerve

91
Q

One of the major nerves from lumbar plexus

A

Femoral nerve

92
Q

L4 and L5

A

Sacral Plexus

93
Q

S1 to S4

A

Sacral Nerve

94
Q

Most significant systemic nerve

A

Sciatic Nerve

95
Q

Sciatic Nerve combination

A

Tibial Nerve and Fibular Nerve

96
Q

Condition associated with the sciatic nerve that results of compression or irritation of the nerve or any of the spinal nerves giving rise to it

A

Sciatica

97
Q

Preparation of the body to either run away from a threat or to stand and fight in the face of that threat

A

Fight-or-Flight response

98
Q

System associated with the fight-or-flight response

A

Sympathetic System

99
Q

System referred to by the epithet of rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

100
Q

Balances homeostatic mechanism

A

Hypotalamus

101
Q

Balance between Sympathetic system and Parasympathetic system

A

Homeostasis

102
Q

Where emotion can influence visceral responses

A

Medial Forebrain

103
Q

Influences the hypothalamus in the regulation of the autonomic system

A

Amygdala

104
Q

Regulates cardiac function

A

Collection of the Medullary Nuclei

105
Q

Increases sympathetic tone of the cardiovascular system

A

Solitary nucleus

106
Q

Contribute fibers to the vagus nerve

A

Nucleus Ambiguus and Dorsal Motor Nucleus

ANAPHY (2 decks)

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