Intro to Neuro Flashcards by Alyssa Lillian Gentelizo

Functions of the nervous system

Sensation, Response, and Integration

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Two types of cells in Nervous Tissue

Neurons and Glial Cells

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Responsible for the computation and communication

Neuron

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a) Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons
b) Improve signal connection in neurons
c) Protect them from pathogens

Glial cells

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Glian cell number matches neuron number and they can send signals themselves

True

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Nucleated cells with specialized structural properties

Neuron

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Single long extension

Axon

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Every neuron houses its necleus region

Soma

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Short projections

Receive most of the input of other neurons or stimuli in the extracellular environment

Dendrites

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Location of the dendrites on the neuron

Receptive region

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Usually highly branched processes

Dendrites

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Process of Neurotrasmitter

Dendrites, Soma, Axon Hillock, Axon (Action potential = Initial segment), Terminal end (communication site: synapse)

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Type of neuron: multiple processes emerging from their body

Multipolar

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Type of neuron: have two processes, extend from each end of the cell body, opposite to each other

Bipolar

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Type of neuron: have one long axon emerging from the cell body

Unipolar

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Astrocyte

a) Maintain extracellular environment
b) Remove excess neurotransmitter
c) Direct neural growth
d) Induce blood-brain barrier

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Satellite cell

a) Maintain extracellular environment
b) Remove excess neurotransmitter
c) Direct neural growth

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Create myeline (CNS)

Oligodendrocyte

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Create myeline (PNS)

Schwann cell

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Immune surveillance and phagocytosis

Microglia

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Create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cell

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Predictable change in membrane potential that occurs due to the open and closing of voltage gated ion channels on the cell membrane

Action potential

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Begins with unique arrangement of blood vessels carrying fresh blood into the CNS

Blood flow

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Enters the cranium through the carotid canal in the temporal bone

Internal carotid artery

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Enters the cranium through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone

Vertebral artery

Outer surface of the CNS is covered by a series of membranes composed of connective tissue

Meninges

Thick fibrous layer and a strong protective sheath over the entire brain and spinal cord

Dura mater

Middle layer of the meninges | Named for the spider-web-like trabeculae

Arachnoid

Thin membrane that gently covers the brain | "Tender mother"

Pia mater

Circulates to remove metabolic wastes from the interstitial fluids of nervous tissues and return them to the blood stream

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Ventricles of the Brain

Lateral, Third, Cerebral Aqueduct, Fourth ventricle

Main organs of the Nervous System

Brain and Spinal cord

Iconic gray mantle of the brain | Make up the most of the mass of the brain

Cerebrum

Wrinkled portion of the brain

Cerebral cortex

Large separation between the two sides of the cerebrum

Longitudinal fissure

Two distinct halves of the cerebrum that longitudinal fissure separates

Right and left cerebral hemisphere

Provides the major pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Corpus Callosum (white matter)

Results of the cerebral function

Memory, emotion, and consciousness

Responsible for cognitive processing

Basal nuclei

Important in learning and memory

Basal forebrain

Involved in emotion, memory, and behavior

Limbic system or cortex

The cerebrum is covered by a continuous layer of gray matter that wraps around either side of the forebrain

Cerebral cortex

Responsible for the higher functions of the nervous system

Cerebral cortex

Separates the temporal lobe from the other region

Lateral sulcus

2 lobes that are superior to the lateral sulcus

Parietal and frontal lobe

Separating parietal lobe and frontal lobe

Central sulcus

Posterior region of the cortex

Occipital lobe

Landmark separating parietal and occipital lobes

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Sets of nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex

Subcortical nuclei

Serve as the primary location for Acetylcholine production -- leading to greater attention to sensory stimuli

Basal forebrain

Medial-lobe structures involved in long-term memory formation and emotional responses

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Adjacent cortex

Responsible for comparing cortical processing with the general state of activity in the nervous system to influence the likelihood of movement taking place

Basal nuclei

Adult brain that retains its name from embryologic development

Diancephalon

Two major regions of the diencephalon

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

The brain stem

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla of the Hindbrain

Attached to the brain stem, but considered a separate region of the adult brain

Cerebellum

Coordinates sensory representations

Midbrain

Main connection with the cerebellum

Pons

Regulate several functions (cardiovascular and respiratory system)

Pons and Medulla

Little brain

Cerebellum

Largely responsible for comparing information from the cerebrum

Cerebellum

Approximately 10% of the mass of the brain

Cerebellum

Horn: Responsible for sensory processing

Posterior Horn

Horn: sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

Anterior Horn

Horn: Only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions

Lateral Horn

Central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Lateral Horn

Carry sensory information of the brain

Ascending Tracts

Carry motor commands from the brain

Descending Tracts

Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic and Autonomic Divisions

Responsible for our conscious perception of the environment and for our voluntary responses to that perception by means of skeletal muscles

Somatic Nervous System

Receive input from environmental stimuli

Peripheral Sensory Neurons

Cells that interpret information about the environment

Sensory Receptors

Five major senses

Taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight

Group of neuron cell bodies in the periphery

Ganglion

Two categories of Ganglia

Sensory and Autonomic Ganglia

Cell bodies of neurons with axons that are associated with the sensory ending in the periphery

Dorsal (Posterior) Root Ganglion

Sensory Ganglion that is associated with a cranial nerve

Cranial Nerve Ganglion

Superficial to the temporal bone

Trigeminal Ganglion

Outer surface of a nerve surrounding layer of fibrous connective tissue

Epineurium

Within the nerve, each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue

Perineurium

Individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue

Endoneurium

The process of degenerating severed axon

Wallerian

System that provides output strictly to skeletal muscles

Somatic Nervous System

Responsible for the contraction of these muscles

Lower Motor Neuron

Reflex that occurs when you step on a painful stimulus

Withdrawal Reflex

Reflex when a skeletal muscle is stretched, a muscle spindle receptor is activated

Stretch Reflex

C1 through C5

Cervical Plexus

Connects to the diaphragm at the base of the thoracic cavity

Phrenic nerve

C4 through T1

Brachial Plexus

Nerve that extends to the armpit region

Radial Nerve

One of the major nerves from lumbar plexus

Femoral nerve

L4 and L5

Sacral Plexus

S1 to S4

Sacral Nerve

Most significant systemic nerve

Sciatic Nerve

Sciatic Nerve combination

Tibial Nerve and Fibular Nerve

Condition associated with the sciatic nerve that results of compression or irritation of the nerve or any of the spinal nerves giving rise to it

Sciatica

Preparation of the body to either run away from a threat or to stand and fight in the face of that threat

Fight-or-Flight response

System associated with the fight-or-flight response

Sympathetic System

System referred to by the epithet of rest and digest

Parasympathetic

Balances homeostatic mechanism

Hypotalamus

Balance between Sympathetic system and Parasympathetic system

Homeostasis

Where emotion can influence visceral responses

Medial Forebrain

Influences the hypothalamus in the regulation of the autonomic system

Amygdala

Regulates cardiac function

Collection of the Medullary Nuclei

Increases sympathetic tone of the cardiovascular system

Solitary nucleus

Contribute fibers to the vagus nerve

Nucleus Ambiguus and Dorsal Motor Nucleus