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muscloskeletal > intro to neuro > Flashcards

intro to neuro Flashcards

1
Q

pseudo means

A

fake

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2
Q

sensory nuerons in the PNS are _____polar

A

psuedounipolar

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3
Q

list the order of cell parts for bipolar neurons

A

receptor -> axon -> cell body -> axon -> CNS

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4
Q

where are multipolar neurons found

A

throughout CNS

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5
Q

multipolar neurons have _____ dendrites and _____ axon(s)

A

multiple, single

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6
Q

what are the 2 main functions of supporting cells

A

structural support and myelin

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7
Q

2 parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

types of cells in CNS

A

glial cells, microglia, ependymal cells

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9
Q

2 types of glial cells and what do they do

A

oligodendrocytes produce myelin and astrocytes are for structural support

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10
Q

what is a glioma

A

a glial cell brain tumor

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11
Q

what do microglia do

A

they are specialized macrophages that remove damaged neurons and infections

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12
Q

where are ependymal cells found

A

they line the ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord

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13
Q

what cells form the choroid plexus

A

ependymal cells

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14
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

what cells produce myelin in the PNS

A

schwann

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16
Q

what is the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes through called?

A

foramen magnum

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17
Q

the meninges are ______ tissue membranes

A

connective

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18
Q

3 layers of meninges from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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19
Q

space b/w arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

sub arachnoid space

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20
Q

2 things located in subarachnoid space

A

CSF and arteries

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21
Q

what is the diff b/w the longitudinal fissure and the corpus callosum

A

the fissure separates the 2 hemispheres and the CC is the tissue that holds them together

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22
Q

what is the diff between gyrus and sulcus

A

gyrus = ridge, sulcus = groove

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23
Q

lobes of forebrain

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

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24
Q

what are the thalamic structures of the forebrain made out of

A

gray matter

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25
Q

3 parts of brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla (top to bottom)

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26
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

behind pons

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27
Q

what are the 2 thalamic structures

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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28
Q

what do the gray and white matter do?

A

gray matter is where the brains processing of information occurs and the white matter acts as channels of communication

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29
Q

neural tissue is made of ____ and ______

A

axons and cell bodies

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30
Q

most axons surrounded by myelin = ____ matter

A

white

31
Q

_____ CNS axons, and ____PNS axons are white matter

A

all, most

32
Q

myelin insulates _____ and speeds up nervous _________

A

axons, conduction

33
Q

what type of matter is cell bodies

A

grey

34
Q

in spinal cord, grey matter is in the shape of a ______

A

butterfly

35
Q

the spinal cord runs from the _____ to the _____

A

foramen magnum to the L1 vertebrae

36
Q

what part of brainstem is spinal cord continuous with

A

medulla oblongata

37
Q

3 things that surround spinal cord

A

meninges, CSF, and bone

38
Q

2 functions of spinal cord

A

Reflex center for each spinal cord segment AND

Conduction pathway for impulses going to and from the brain

39
Q

_ cervical vertebrae and __ cervical nerves

A

7,8

40
Q

_ thoracic vertebrae and __ thoracic nerves

A

12, 12

41
Q

_ lumbar vertebrae and __ lumbar nerves

A

5,5

42
Q

_ sacral vertebrae and __ sacral nerves

A

5,5

43
Q

_ coccyx vertebrae and __ coccygeal nerves

A

3-4, 1

44
Q

subarachnoid space extends to _____ verterbrae

A

S2 vertebral spinous process

45
Q

where is another name for a lumbar puncture and where does it occur

A

spinal tap, under the S2 vertebrae

46
Q

pns is divided into ____ and ____ and what does each control

A

ANS (glands, blood vessels, and organs) , SNS (skeletal muscle)

47
Q

2 parts of ANS and what is each responsible for

A

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

48
Q

2 types of (peripheral) nerves

A

cranial and spinal

49
Q

another name for axon

A

nerve fiber

50
Q

what connects spinal nerves to spinal cord

A

dorsal and ventral root

51
Q

sensory is afferent or efferrent

A

afferent

52
Q

motor is afferent or efferrent

A

efferent

53
Q

information enters the spinal nerves through the ____ of the spinal cord and leaves via the _____ of the spinal cord

A

posterior aspect, anterior aspect

54
Q

which root is the spinal ganglion in

A

dorsal root

55
Q

spinal ganglion = ____ root

A

dorsal root

56
Q

SENSORY: cell body is in the ______
MOTOR: cell body is in the ______

A
  1. spinal ganglion/dorsal root

2. spinal cord/grey matter

57
Q

when spinal nerves exit the spinal cord they may form a ____

A

plexus, which is a network of nerves

58
Q

a plexus is a ______ of nerves from different levels and forms new nerves that have ______

A

combination, specific targets or destinations

59
Q

ex. of plexus

A

median nerve/brachial plexus

C5-8, T1

60
Q

what is a dermatome

A

an area of skin that is controlled by 1 spinal nerve

61
Q

what is a myotome

A

a group of muscles that originate from a single spinal nerve

62
Q

are reflex are voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

63
Q

ex. of monosynaptic reflex arcs

A

knee, ankle

64
Q

stages of polysynaptic reflex arc

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration centre, motor neuron, effector

65
Q

in the ANS what is the path of info from spinal cord to effector?

A

spinal cord, preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron, effector

66
Q

is the ANS is the preganglionic neuron myleinated or not myleinated

A

myleinated

67
Q

is the ANS is the postganglionic neuron myleinated or not myleinated

A

not myleinated

68
Q

what is the autonomic ganglion in the ANS

A

AChe

69
Q

what is the post ganglionic neuron in the ANS

A

Ache or NE

70
Q

path from spinal cord to effector in SNS

A

spinal cord, somatic motor neuron, effector

71
Q

the dorsal root and ventral root come together to form the _____

A

spinal nerve

72
Q

the white ramus cammunicans is a channel that brings neurons from the ______ to the _______

A

spinal nerve, sympathetic ganglion

4:45 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SH_qb1eaUE4

73
Q

the gray ramus communicans is a channel that brings neurons from the ______ to the _____

A

sympathetic ganglion, spinal nerve

4:45 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SH_qb1eaUE4

74
Q

preganglionic fibers may run up or down a chain before ______ and then exiting via a nerve

A

synpasing, it synapses in the sympathetic ganglion

muscloskeletal (3 decks)

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