Intro to Neoplasia, Pathology and Chemo Flashcards
What are some of the basic terminology for Cancer? [Neoplasm, Tumor, Cancer]
- Neoplasm: New Growth that could benign or malignant
- Tumor: Lump or swelling
- Cancer: malignant neoplasm
What are the “plasias” within cancer?
- Hyperplasia: SIZE increase due to increase number of cells
- Metaplasia: SUBSTITUTION of one tissue with another
- Dysplasia: Loss of NORMAL architecture
- Anaplasia: Loss of STRUCTURAL differentiation
What is important to understand with the intestinal epithelium as it relates to cancer development?
- it is very organized and TURNS OVER alot; increasing the risk of cancer
What are the “omas” within cancer?
- Carcinoma: Squamous Epithelium
- Adenomacarincoma: Glandular Tissue
- Sarcoma: Mesencyhmal Tissue
- Lymphoma & Leukemia: Hetopoietic Tissue [Lymph & WBC]
- Melanoma: Pigment Cells
- Blastoma: Precursor Cells [KIDS]
- Teratoma: Different cell/tissue types
What are the stages of the Numerical Staging System?
- 0: In situ -> Precancerous
- I: Initial Invasion
- II: Lymph involvement [4-9 Nodes]
- III: Lymph involvement [<10 Nodes]
- IV: Metastasis
What does TNM stand for within Cancer?
- T: Primary Tumor
- N: Lymph Nodes
- M: Metastasis
What are the stages within Primary Tumor [T]?
- TX: Cannot be evaluated
- TO: NO TUMOR
- Tis: Precancerous [In Situ]
- T1, T2, T3, T4: Size/ Extent of invasion
What are the stages with Lymph Nodes [N]?
- NX: Cannot be evaluated
- NO: NOT in LYMPH NODES
- N1, N2, N3: Number/Location of Nodes
What are the stages with Metastasis [M]?
- MX: Cannot be evaluated
- MO: NO METASTATSIS
- M1: Metastasis
What does the example T4 N1 M1 mean when determining cancer?
- T4: Sizable Tumor
- N1: Within Lymph
- M1: Metastasis [Moved]
What does tumor grade mean within cancer?
- The description of the tumor
- Well Differentiated: close to normal cells
- Undifferentiated: grow/separate slower
What is the Tumor Grading scale?
- GX: undetermined grade
- G1: Well differentiated [low grade]
- G2: Mod differentiated [intermediate grade]
- G3: Poorly differentiated [high grade]
- G4: Undifferentiated [high grade]
How is cancer characterized?
- Uncontrolled cell growth
- Invasion
- Metastasis
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
- Evading growth suppressors
- Avoding immune destruction
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Tumor promoting inflammation
- Activating invasion & metastasis
- Inducing Angiogenesis
- Genome instability & mutation
- Resisting cell death
- Deregulation cellular energetics
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
What are some of the ways that cancer can be prevented?
Risk Factors for Cancer?
- Smoking, Obesity, Alcohol, UV, Physical Radiation, Physical Inactivity, Poor Diet
In what way was cancer found out to be “contagious”?
- Infectious agents that were able to pass through a filter = VIRUS
- Rous Sarcoma Virus [RSV] was filtered then in injected
What is an example of an oncogene?
- Src: capable of providing proliferation and tumor progression
- RSV = v-SRC
What is an oncogene?
- Over-expression of a gene that results in cancer development
What is the genetic basis of cancer?
- MUTATION and DELETION of a tumor suppressor that is homgenous and run in families
- a phenotype
What is the mechanism that allows a phenotype to be achieve through different mechanisms?
- Convergent Evolution
How are tumor suppressor mutations good at predicting chemotherapies?
- They are Loss of Function mutations
What is Synthetic Lethality?
- Causing the blockage of one gene when the tumor blocks the other one = Cell Death
- EX: BRAC with PARP
What drug is know to be the PARP inhibitor?
And MOA?
- Olapalib [Rucaparib, Niraparib, Talazoparib]
- Used in cancers with BRAC 1/2 mutations
Which type of cancers are resistant toward chemotherapies?
- Lung, Pancreatic, and Brain
What types of cancer are curable by chemotherapies?
- Hodgkins, Childhood Leukemias & Lymphomas, Testicular
- Breat, Colorectal, Bladder respond well to chemos
What are the imporant parts of the cell cycle?
- G1: gathers the blocking blocks
- S: Replication of DNA
- G2: Checks replicated DNA
- M: Mitosis - Division
What is it called when a cell decides to enter or not enter into the cell cycle?
- R point: critical time point when cells decide to enter
“R” we entering?
In what way is the cell cycle driven?
- Cyclines with kinases [CDK4/6]
What are cell cycle checkpoints?
- Desision points where the cell decides to proceed through the cell cycle
What happens in the G1 to S checkpoint?
- Signals division, is there enough building blocks, any damages
What happens in the S to G2 checkpoint?
- Did replication occur, any damages
What happens in the G2 to M checkpoint?
- Did they separate properly
What is the major target for chemotherapy drugs?
- DNA replication = S phase
What is the mechanism of action for the CDK4/6 inhibitors?
- Basically tells the cell cycle to STOP cycling
What is Palbocicilb [Abemaciclib, Ribociclib]?
- CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor
- Targets ALL replicating cells
What are some of the side effects for Palbociclib?
- Nausea, Fatigue, Diarrhea, Vomiting
What is true based around tumor suppressor genes?
- They produce proteins that block the activity of cyclins.
What type of Chemotherapy interferes with DNA synthesis?
- S-phase specific
What phase of the cell cycle is the target for Palbociclib?
- G1 as it is the master regulator
What happens when NORMAL cells are exposed to certain chemotherapies that cause DNA damage?
- Cells stop in G1 until repaired
- Then go to S [If S without repair then apoptose]
- Divide
What happens when CANCER cells are exposed to certain chemotherapies that cause DNA damages?
- Cells DONT stop in G1 [replicating damages]
- Causes apoptosis or necrosis [inflammation]
What are some ways that chemotherapy becomes resistant?
- Increased transport out of the cell
- Reduced transport into the cell
- Decreased activation of prodrug
- Increased detoxification of drugs
