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Foundational toolkit III - wk1 > intro to neoplasia > Flashcards

intro to neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of round cell tumors

A
  1. lymphocyte -> lymphoma
  2. plasma cell -> benign (plasmacytoma) or malignant plasma cell tumor (myeloma)
  3. mast cell (graded in dogs)
  4. histiocytic (really benign - histiocytoma, to really bad - histiocytic sarcoma)
  5. TVT -> dogs, venereal spread
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2
Q

what is a tumor

A

commonly used term for a neoplasm

  • swollen part; swelling, protuberance
  • an uncontrolled, abnormal, circumscribed growth of cells in any animal or plant tissue; neoplasm
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3
Q

what is cancer

A
  • malignant and invasive growth or tumor; any disease characterized by such growths
  • any evil condition or thing that spreads destructively; blight
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4
Q

what is neoplasia/neoplasm

A
  • “new growth”
  • formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
  • a process in which normal cells undergo irreversible gentic changes, which render them unresponsive to ordinary control on growth
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5
Q

what is oncology

A

study of neoplasms

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6
Q

what is hamartoma

A

mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to that particular site. e.g. a mass of adnexal structures in the dermis is an “adnexal hamartoma”

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7
Q

what is choristoma

A

a mass of normal tissue at an abnormal site, also referred to as a heterotopic rest of cells. e.g. nodule(s) of spleen in the omentum

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8
Q

what is dysplasia

A
  • lack of uniformity of individual cells as well as loss in architectural orientation
  • microscopically, there is an abnormality in the maturation of cells within the tissue
  • often considered premalignant condition
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9
Q

what is preneoplastic

A
  • changes that may signal an increased risk or likelihood for progression to neoplasia
  • these changes are reversible and may arise in reponse to physiologic demands, injury, or irriation, but often resolve when the inciting factor is removed
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10
Q

what are the two basic compnents to all neoplasms, irrespective of whether they are benign or malignant?

A
  • neoplastic cells, determine the biologic behavior of neoplasm
  • non-neoplastic stoma, provided by the host, which consists of blood vessels and CT - adequate blood supply is a requisite for cells to live and divide; CT provides the structural framework
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11
Q

what is a benign neoplasm

A

implies that the neoplasm is considered relatively innocuous based on its gross and microscopic appearance

  • localized to a specific site
  • cannot and does not metastasize
  • amendable to surgical excision
  • can produce serious disease and may be life threatening, especially when they arise in the CNS or are functional endocrine neoplasms
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12
Q

naming: mesenchymal benign neoplasms

A
  • attach the suffix -OMA to the cell type to which the neoplasm is differentiating
  • fibroblast/cyte -> fibroma
  • smooth muscle + OMA = benign neoplasm of smooth muscle
  • Leio (smooth) myo (muscle) + OMA = leiomyoma
  • fat/lipocyte/adipocyte + OMA = benign neoplasm of fat
  • lipo + OMA = lipoma
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13
Q

what is an epithelial neoplasm

based off naming

A

more complex nomenclaure, based on the microscopic or macroscopic pattern

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14
Q

what is an adenoma

A
  • benign epithelial neoplasm with a glandular pattern or of glandular tissue
  • some adenomas may not exhibit neoplasm with a glandular pattern on histopathologic examination
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15
Q

what is a cystadenoma

A

a benign cystic epithelial neoplasm (apocrine cystadenoma)

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16
Q

what is a papilloma

A
  • a benign epithelial neoplasm growing on an epithelial surface that forms microscopic or macroscopic papilliferous projections (finger-like)
  • may be associated with papillomavirus infection
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17
Q

what is a polyp

A
  • a pass projecting above an epithelial surface that forms a macroscopically (grossly) visible structure
  • use of the term polyp is best reserved for descriptions of the gross appearance of the mass as in some instances neoplasms can appear polypoid, as can non-neoplastic lesions
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18
Q

what does malignant mean

A

implies that the neoplasm has the potential to be life threatening by:

  • invading and destroying adjacent structures
  • spreading to distant sites (metastasize)
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19
Q

how to name a mesenchymal malignant neoplasm

A

attach the suffix SARCOMA (greek sar = fleshy) to the cell type to which the neoplasm is differentiating

  • ex: fibroblast/cyte -> fibrosarcoma
  • skeletal muscle + sarcoma = rhabdo + myo + sarcoma = rhabdomyosarcoma
  • fat + sarcoma = liposarcoma
  • bone + sarcoma = osteosarcooma
  • endothelium + sarcoma = hemangiosarcoma
20
Q

epithelial malignant neoplasm

what is a carcinoma

A

whether of ectodermal or endodermal origin

21
Q

epithelial malignant neoplasm

what is an adenocarcinoma

A

the neoplastic epithelial cells are present in a glandular pattern

22
Q

epithelial malignant neoplasms

what is a carcinoma in situ

A
  • a pre-invasive stage which does not invade through the basement membrane characterized by severe dysplasia of the epithelial cells
  • mitoses above the basal cell layer, nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, darker staining nuclei (hyperchromasia), loss of architectural orientation
23
Q

what are mixed tumors

A
  • derived from one germ cell layer which undergoes divergent differentiation
  • canine mammary tumors: mammary ducts/lobules are made up of inner epithelial cells and outer myoepithelial cells. In some mammary neoplasms both these cell types can be found and if benign called a complex adenoma.
  • the myoepithelium may form cartilage and bone called a mixed tumor
  • if the epithelial component is malignant then it is a complex carcinoma
  • if the epithelial and mesenchymal components are malignant it is called a carcinosarcoma or malignant mixed tumor
24
Q

what is a teratoma

A
  • arises from totipotential cells, primarily in the ovaries or testis
  • cells have the ability to differentiate into any of the cell types found in the adult body, and may give rise to neoplasms that mimic this in a haphazard way
  • there are tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal and neural origin within the neoplasm
25
Q

differentiation in benign vs malignant neoplasms

A
  • benign: well differentiated, resembles tissue of origin
  • malignant: often poorly differentiated
26
Q

local invasion in benign vs malignant neoplasms

A
  • benign: usually cohesive expansile well-demarcated masses that do not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues
  • malignant: locally invasive, infiltrating surrounding tissue; sometimes may be seemingly cohesive
27
Q

proliferation in benign vs malignant neoplasms

A
  • benign: usually progressive and slow; may come to a standstill or regress; mitotic figures rare
  • malignant: erratic and may be slow to rapid; mitotic figures may be numerous
28
Q

metastasis in benign vs malignant neoplasms

A
  • benign: absent
  • malignant: sometimes present
29
Q

what is differentiation

A

the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally

30
Q

what is anaplasia

A
  • “to form backward” - refers to a lack of differentiation of the neoplastic cells on microscopic examination and implies de-diferentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells
  • most cancers do not represent “reverse differentiation” of mature normal cells but arise from stem cells that fail to differentiate
31
Q

what is pleomorphism

A

variation in shape and size, refers to the entire cell or nucleus

  • anisocytosis and anisokaryosis
  • the greater the cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, the less the neoplastic cell resembles the normal differentiated cell, the more anaplastic the cell
32
Q

anisocytosis

A

cells of different sizes

33
Q

anisokaryosis

A

nuclei of differnt sizes

34
Q

abnormal nuclear morphology

hyperchromatic

A

the nuclei of neoplastic cells may contain abundant chromatin and are dark staining

35
Q

abnormal nuclear morpholoy

karyomegaly

A

the nuclei are disproportionately large for the cell, and the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is distored may approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6

(large nuclei)

36
Q

morphologic change

mitoses

A
  • undifferentated neoplasms usually have large number of mitoses, reflecting the higher proliferative activity
  • the presence of mitoses does not necessarily indicate that a tumor is malignant or that the tissue is neoplastic
  • malignant neoplasms often have atypical, bizarre mitotic figures
  • mitotic index is a good indication of the growth rate and malignant potential of a neoplasm
37
Q

morphologic changes

polarity

A
  • orientation of anaplstic cells is markedly distribited (lose normal polarity)
  • sheets or large masses of tumor cells grow in a hapharzard or disorganzied fashion
38
Q

morphological changes

function

A
  • the more anaplastic the neoplasm the less likley it is to retain its specialized functional activity
  • some non-endocrine cancers produce hormones - a condition known as paraneoplastic syndrome
  • most common is hypercalcemia due to the synthesis of PTHrP by neoplastic cells
39
Q

what is desmoplasia

A

some neoplasms stimulate the formation of an abundant collagenous stroma by the host, feels very firm or scirrhous

40
Q

what is carcinomatosis

A
  • transcoelomic spread or seeding
  • occurs when cancers invade and seed a natural body cavity and re-impant at distant sites within the cavity
  • commonly seen with carcinomas of the ovary, GI tissue and lung
41
Q

what is lymphatic spread

A
  • found with carcinomas
  • primary carcinoma is most likley to spread to the regional lymph node(s)
  • from regional nodes it spreads to other nodes and then enters the blood stream via the thoracic duct, which empties into the vena cava
  • neoplastic cells become trapped in pulmonary capillaries and grow in lung tissue
42
Q

what is hematogenous spread

A
  • found with sarcomas
  • occurs by invasion of veins or venules by the cells of the primary neoplasm
  • the neoplastic cells follow the venous flow draining the site of the neoplasm
  • lungs and liver are the most commonly involved sites
43
Q

what is venereal spread

A
  • unique and is found in the dog
  • transmissible venereal tumor
  • transmission occurs only by transplantation of viable neoplastic cells during coitus
44
Q

what is metastasis

A

the development of secondary neoplasms at sites distant from the primary neoplasm

45
Q

proliferation

what are the 3 factors that determine rate of growth

A
  1. doubling time of tumor cells
  2. fraction of tumor cells that are in the replicative pool
  3. rate at which cells are shed or die
46
Q

what are the important implications of cancer stem cells

A
  • cells must be eliminated to cure patients
  • cells likley have high intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies because of their low rate of cell division and expression of factors which as MDR-1

Foundational toolkit III - wk1 (11 decks)

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