Intro To Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Definition of joints

Answer 1

Meeting of 2 bones or more

Question 2

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 2

Synovial, fibrous, cartilage (cartilaginous)

Question 3

What are phalanges?

Answer 3

Bones for fingers

Question 4

Movement in:
Synovial joints
Cartilaginous joints
Fibrous jointa

Answer 4

Wide range of movement
Permits slight mobility
No movement

Question 5

Some info on synovial joint

Answer 5

(Bones not in contact - so allows lots of movement but during exercise bones may be touching each other)

Question 6

Describe structure of synovial joint

Answer 6

Synovial joint/cavity contains synovial fluid
Ends of bones covered in
articular cartilage (hyaline)
Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane
Synovial joint is enclosed in an elastic joint capsule (to avoid excess movement)

Question 7

Internal bone structure: brief description of spongy and compact bone

Answer 7

Spongy (also called trabeculae) is found in the inner bone
Compact is the outer layer of the bone (thickness of this varies)

Question 8

Trabeculae and Wolff’s law of functional adaptation

Answer 8

The direction you apply stress/force to the bone, the trabeculae will be aligned along lines of principle stress in this same direction. Aim of this is to increase strength of trabeculae, which increases the thickness of compact bone

Question 9

Types of cartilaginous joints and where they are found

Answer 9

Primary: hyaline cartilage between bones. Found in 1st sternocostal

Secondary: fibrocartilage between bones and bones are covered in hyaline cartilage. Found in intervertebral disc

Symphysis joint

Question 10

Description and types of fibrous joints

Answer 10

Fibrous tissue between bones. Types of fibrous joints are:
Sutures (in skull)
Syndesmosis (lower joint of tibula and fibula) (inferior tibu fibula joint)
Gomphoses (connection between socket of teeth and teeth)

Question 11

What do osteoporotic look like in bones?

Answer 11

Wider gaps and thinner bones

Question 12

Description of and function of ligaments

Answer 12

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones.
Ligaments enhances mechanical stability of joints, guides joint motion and prevents excessive motion.

Question 13

Description of and function of bursa

Answer 13

Description: synovial fluid-filled structure present between skin/tendon and bone
Function: reduces friction

Question 14

The skeleton

Answer 14

Contains 206 bones.
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 15

What is in the axial skeleton and description of these?

Answer 15

Skull - contains and protects brain, organs of special sense and upper respiratory and alimentary tracts
Vertebral column - provides flexible support for the head, and contains and protects spinal cord
Ribs and sternum (thoracic skeleton - attached to thoracic vertebrae)
[Ossicles (in ears), hyoid (in throat)]

Question 16

What do you know about the vertebral column?

Answer 16

Provides flexible support for the head.
Contains and protects spinal cord.
Contains 4 curvatures - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral and coccyx
The vertebrae in the upper part is smaller than that of the lower part - so that the lower can support the weight above

Question 17

What does the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 17

Bones of arms, hands, shoulder girdle, legs, feet, pelvic girdle

Question 18

What do you know about the thoracic skeleton?

Answer 18

Thoracic skeleton is attached to the thoracic vertebrae
Ribs contain 12 pairs
7 are true
5 are false
2 are floating

Question 19

Definition of true, false and floating regarding the thoracic skeleton

Answer 19

True - attached to the thoracic vertebrae (in the back) and attached to sternum (in the front)
False - attached only to the vertebrae in the back. Not attached to sternum (indirectly attached to sternum due to attachment to each other)
Float - not attached to anterior part of the ribs

Question 20

What is the appendular skeleton for?

Answer 20

Appendicular skeleton is for movement.
Lower limb is for dexterity and upper limb is for support and movement

Question 21

What are skull bones called?

Answer 21

Cranial bones

Question 22

What are shoulder blace bones called?

Answer 22

Scapulae bones

Question 23

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 23

Support the body
Protect organs inside
Determines the shape of the body
Function as levers by acting with muscle to facilitate joint movement
Contains red bone marrow (for blood cell formation)
Mineral store for calcium and phosphates
Contains minerals for the making of RBC and WBC

Question 24

What bone types are there?

Answer 24

Flat: sternum, scapulae, cranial bones - protective, source of red bone marrow
Long: (in arm) humerus, radius, ulna. (in hands) metacarpal, phalanges. (in leg) tibia, fibula, femur. (in toes) metatarsal- limbs; levers; transmit longitudinal forces
Short: (7) tarsal, (8) carpals- strength; limited movement, provide stability
Sesamoid: patella - protect tendons from stress and wear
Irregular: vertebrae, sacrum - help protect internal organs

Question 25

What types of bone cells are there?

Answer 25

Osteoblasts - cells that make bones (they can mature into osteocytes)
Osteocytes - maintain bone structure
Osteoclasts - cells that break down bone structure

Question 26

How do osteoclasts break down bone structure?

Answer 26

Osteoclasts contain lots of lysosomes
Lysosomes contain enzymes which dissolve bones
It’s important to break down bones so old, damaged bones can be replaced
(Lots of exercise increases this process)

Question 27

What other cells do bone cells work alongside and what do these types of cell do?

Answer 27

Bone cells work alongside chondroblasts
Chondroblasts make connective tissue cartilage
Chondroblasts can mature into chondrocytes to maintain this cartilage

Question 28

Definition of uniaxial

Answer 28

Movement in a single plane

Question 29

Definition of biaxial

Answer 29

Movement in two planes

Question 30

Definition of multiaxial

Answer 30

Movement in multiple planes

Answer 31

Postural muscles oppose the action of gravity - e.g. neck - supporting the weight of the head

Answer 32

Skeletal muscles are voluntary movements. They can produce strong forces, generate quick or sustained movements and can move long or short distances

Question 33

Skeletal muscle - muscle belly and tendon

Answer 33

Main part of skeletal muscle is the “belly” (reddish/fleshy part)
The belly contains the contractile muscle fibres that generate force
Muscle belly is attached to the tendon (fibrous white tissue)
Tendons are usually located at the end of the muscle and attaches the muscle to the bone

Answer 34

Appearance and attachments of a muscle reflects the function/name

Question 35

Where is the temporalis muscle located?

Answer 35

In the skull

Question 36

Where is the orbicularis oculi muscle located?

Answer 36

Around the eye

Question 37

Where is the omohyoid muscle located?

Answer 37

omo - attached to shoulder
hyoid - attached to hyoid bone (somewhere in the neck)
Large distance between the mandible and sternum so there’s a lot of muscles here

Question 38

Where is the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle located?

Answer 38

Front of forearm - these muscles are responsible for flexing

Question 39

What does digastric mean?

Answer 39

2 muscle bellies connected by a tendon

Question 40

What are bone to skin muscles involved in?

Answer 40

Muscles of facial expressions (emotions) - which involve movement of the skin to allow for facial expressions
(muscle is not attached to bone)

Question 41

What is a biceps brachii?

Answer 41

Two heads with different tendinous attachments
Biceps brachii has a short head and a long head attached to each other

Answer 42

Muscles usually run from one bone to another across a joint
During contraction the muscle will move one bone relative to another

Question 43

Regarding muscle attachments,
1) The more stationary/fixed end is?
2) The more moveable end is?

Answer 43

1) origin
2) insertion

Question 44

In muscle attachments, there is one part proximal (proximal end is the origin/beginning of muscle) and one part distal (distal end of muscle). Are these reversible?

Answer 44

Yes

Answer 45

Action of the muscle is not the same strength for all muscles

Question 46

What types of muscle contractions are there?

Answer 46

Concentric contraction - muscle gets shorter
Eccentric contraction - muscle gets longer
Isometric - muscle stays same length

Question 47

Not one muscle does an action alone, a group of muscles do the action together. What are the types of roles in muscle actions?

Answer 47

Agonist/prime mover = generates basic movement
Antagonist = opposes the action of the prime mover
Synergist = helps the prime mover
Fixator = stabilises bones to allow the movement to take place

Question 48

Regarding the muscle action taking place, can the same muscle switch between any of these movers/types? If so, give an example.

Answer 48

Yes, role of muscle changes according to the action

Extension of elbow: triceps is prime mover
Flexion of elbow: triceps is antagonist

Question 49

Why does a doctor need to know a muscle’s function or which muscles are generating a movement?

Answer 49

To diagnose musculoskeletal abnormalities
To test or detect damage to the nervous system (nerve supplying the muscle or spinal cord lesions)

Question 50

In the limbs, how are these muscles located and what do these muscles have in common?

Answer 50

Located within compartments
Muscles within a compartment have a common:
Action
Blood supply
Nerve supply (innervation)

Question 51

What are aponeuroses?

Answer 51

Broad or flat tendons

Question 52

What is a tendon reflex/deep tendon reflex/muscle stretch reflex?

Answer 52

When the stretch of a muscle is created by the hit/blow of an instrument (e.g. Queen’s Square hammer) on a muscle tendon

Significance of this is to check the intactness of the nervous system (to check the reflex)