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Week 6 > Intro to musculoskeletal 2 > Flashcards

Intro to musculoskeletal 2 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A

support for the head
movement
protection - spinal cord

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2
Q

structure of vertebra

A

vertebral body
- weight transfer
- IVDs between
vertebral arch
- together with the body forms vertebral foramen
- surrounds and protects the spinal cord
pedicle - foot of arch
transverse process - muscle/ ligament attachment (+ ribs in thorax)
lamina - lateral and posterior part of arch
spinous process - muscle/ ligament attachment
superior/ inferior articular process - form joints
superior/ inferior vertebral notches - form intervertebral foramen (for spinal nerves)

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3
Q

cauda equina

A

spinal nerves descend to exit

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4
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

L1/2

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5
Q

atlas (C1) and axis (C2)

A

C1 - no body
C2 - odontoid process (dens)
- protrudes through vertebral foramen to form joint
no IVD between C1-C2
atlanto-occipital (C1- base of skull)
- nodding head ‘yes’ joint
atlanto-axial
- synovial pivot joint
- shaking head ‘no’ joint

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6
Q

function of ligaments in MSK

A

connect bone-bone
provide support to joints
restrict movement at joints

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7
Q

ligaments of the spine

A

anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous + nuchal ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous/ intertransverse ligaments

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8
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

C7 - sacrum
connects tips of spinous processes
cord like

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9
Q

nuchal ligament

A

strong fibroelastic tissue
base of skull to C7
supports head on neck
provides attachment for muscle (e.g. trapezius)

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10
Q

2 types of vertebral joints

A

zygapophyseal (facet) joints
symphysis (IVDs)

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11
Q

zygapophyseal (facet) joints

A

synovial, plane
4x in vertebra

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12
Q

symphysis (IVDs)

A

secondary cartilaginous
2x IVD

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13
Q

functions of intervertebral discs

A

provide stability and flexibility
pressure regulation
water-cushion function - shock absorber

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14
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

outer layer of IVD
high tensile strength
fibrous sheath on the outer surface - collagen layers in rings
fibrocartilage inner zone

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15
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

inner layer of IVD
high resilience
gelatinous structure
80-85% water

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16
Q

short lasting burden in IVDs

A

incompressible, deformable water cushion
AF counter acts the pressure arising from the NP due to the burden on the spine

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17
Q

long lasting burden on IVDs

A

when pressure applied: slow release of water from the NP -> IVD becomes thinner
when relief: re-hydration of the NP

18
Q

clinical relevance of burden on IVDs

A

slipped disc/ prolapse of IVD (hernia)
- tear in the AF - NP can protrude
- can impinge on spinal cord or nerves
- can cause numbness, tingling or pain (depends on location)
- rest/ painkillers

19
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament attachments

A

base of skull to anterior surface of sacrum
attached to anterior surface of VBs and IVDs

20
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament function

A

prevents hyperextension

21
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament attachments

A

C2 to sacrum
attached to posterior surface of VBs and IVDs

22
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament function

A

lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal
weakly resists hyperflexion

23
Q

ligamenta flava

A

pass between laminae
form part of vertebral canal
resist separation of vertebrae during flexion

24
Q

interspinous ligament

A

between spinous processes

25
Q

intertransverse ligament

A

between the transverse processes

26
Q

intrinsic back muscles nerve origin

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

27
Q

intrinsic back muscles basic imfo

A

all directly act on the spine
embryonically develop in the back
maintain posture and control movement of vertebrae
superficial, intermediate and deep layers

28
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

covers deep muscles of the back
critical to organisation and integrity of the region
latissimus dorsi and trapezius attached to it

29
Q

splenius muscles (superficial layer)
shape

A

thick and flat (bandage - splenion)

30
Q

splenius muscles (superficial layer)
origin

A

spinous processes (+ bottom of nuchal ligament)

31
Q

splenius muscles (superficial layer) insertions

A

base of skull, mastoid process (capitis)/ transverse processes C1-C3 (cervicis)

32
Q

splenius muscles (superficial layer) action

A

bilateral = extend neck
unilateral = rotate the head to one side (turn to face the same side as muscle)
supplied by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

33
Q

erector spinae (intermediate layer)

A

primary extensions of vertebral column
3 columns of muscle - iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
common origin - broad tendon attached to sacrum, spinous processes of L and lower T vertebrae, iliac crest
primary muscles that extend the spine (leaning backwards)
each side independently = rotation

34
Q

iliocostalis

A

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
inserts angles of ribs and C transverse processes

35
Q

longissimus

A

thoracic
cervicis
capitis
inserts T and C transverse processes and mastoid process

36
Q

spinalis

A

thoracic
cervicis
capitis
inserts T spinous processes and skull

37
Q

deep layer - transversopinalis

A

fill groove between transverse and spinous processes
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
cross multiple vertebrae
extend and rotate

38
Q

deep layer - addition muscles

A

levatores costarum
interspinales and intertransversarii (postural muscles)

39
Q

deep layer - smaller muscles have more muscles spindles

A

increase proprioception of muscle
‘fine-tuned’ muscles

40
Q

clinical relevance - back pain

A

extremely common
can be non-specific - important to identify cause
muscle spasms, strained muscles, poor posture
sprain - ligament injury (incorrect lifting procedures)
nerve pain - prolapsed disc/ sciatica
synovial joints - arthritis (rheumatoid or osteo)
something else?

Week 6 (6 decks)

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