intro to msk + fractures Flashcards
sarcopenia
muscle strength, mass and endurance loss due to aging
__________ is progressive and detectable but often unrecognized decline in physical function in older adults
preclinical disability
the 3 primary influences that affect the bone remodeling process
- mechanical stresses
- calcium and phosphate levels
- hormonal levels (PTH, TSH, calcitonin, cortisol, HGH, sex hormones)
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts
osteoBlast –> B for BUILDS bone
osteoclast –> bone resorption
4 types of fractures
traumatic
stress/fatigue
insufficiency
pathologic
traumatic fracture MOI
sudden impact, high velocity
stress/fatigue fracture MOI
stress applied in a rhythmic, repeated, microtraumatic fashion
2 types of stress fractures
compressive
distractive
compressive stress fracture MOI
forceful heel strike during prolonged marching or running
distractive stress fracture MOI
muscle pull
(can become more serious if displacement occurs)
insufficiency fracture MOI
normal stress/force acting on bone that has deficient elastic resistance or is weakened by decreased mineralization
what type of injection can increase a person’s risk of insufficiency fractures
corticosteroid injections
pathologic fracture MOI
bone rendered abnormally fragile by neoplastic or other disease conditions
unstable fractures + MOI
bone breaks and goes out of alignment –> can pierce the skin
MOI: Compressive or shear forces can cause stable fractures to shift, becoming unstable
The understanding of genomics has led to the identification of ________, which describes how an individual’s characteristics are a result of their genotype interacting with the environment
phenotypes
__________ is defined as progressive and detectable but unrecognized decline in physical function in older adults.
preclinical disability
_________ involves the reduction of muscle mass and/or function as well as the impairment of the muscle’s capacity to regenerate
sarcopenia
___________ fractures occur as a result of forceful heel strike during prolonged marching or running
compressive stress
___________ reactions occur as a result of muscle pull and can become more serious if displacement occurs
distractive stress
In a ________, the fracture line is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone; this fracture is usually produced by shearing force
transverse fracture
When compared to a young adult, which of the following statements is true for an older adult?
a) Higher metabolic activity in tendons, which may affect the healing process.
b) Decreased ability of articular cartilage to hold water.
c) Soft tissues become more extensible.
d) Increased joint proprioception.
b) Decreased ability of articular cartilage to hold water.
Which of the following can be a specific risk factor for stress or fatigue fracture?
Group of answer choices
a) Genu valgum
b) Accidental falls at home
c) Malignant neoplasm
d) Advanced age
a) Genu valgum
__________ are the most common osteoporosis-related fractures. The incidence increases with age and with decreasing bone density
vertebral compression fractures
4 steps of healing fractures
- hematoma
- soft callus
- bony callus
- remodeling
what timeframe does clotting occur in a fracture
within the first 6-12 hours
what is the timeframe of bone remodeling after a fracture
4 months to 1 year
what type of fracture is often painless?
vertebral compression fractures
malunion of fracture
bone healed in the expected amount of time but is deformed
delayed union of fracture
bone taking longer than the 4m-1y time frame of healing
potentially fatal complication of fracture healing
fat embolism
fat embolism + what bones are they most common in
fat from bone marrow travels to the lung
common in long bones and the boney pelvis
complications of immobility after fracture (4)
constipation
deep vein thrombosis
pulmonary embolism
pneumonia
